Law Office of Richard Roman Shum Esq., PLLC

Do Both Parents Need to be Present for Their Child’s Passport Application in New York?

Navigating the complexities of child passport applications can be a challenging and time-consuming process, especially when it comes to understanding the importance of both parents’ involvement and the legal requirements for parental consent. In this article, we delve into the critical aspects of the child passport application process in New York, including the necessary documents, submission procedures, and situations where both parents are not required for completing the application.

Having the guidance of a skilled New York family lawyer can make a world of difference in understanding and addressing any potential legal issues surrounding the application process, ensuring that your child’s best interests are protected. Call the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum today at (646) 259-3416 to learn more about how our team of experienced New York family law attorneys can help you navigate the child passport application process smoothly and efficiently.

Importance of Both Parents in a Child’s Passport Application

The involvement and consent of both parents during a child’s passport application process is crucial for various reasons. Both parents are considered legal guardians of their children, meaning that both parties have equal say in making decisions relating to their child’s wellbeing. This includes travel permissions and passport applications, which require legal consent from both parents to ensure the child’s safety and prevent parental child abduction.

Legal Requirements for Parental Consent

In New York, passport applications for minors require the consent of both parents or legal guardians. This legal requirement ensures that both parents are aware of, and agree to, their child traveling abroad with a passport. Parental consent is especially important when a child is traveling alone or with only one parent.

For instance, in the United States, both parents must provide consent for a child under 16 years of age to obtain a passport. If one parent cannot be present during the passport application process, they must submit a notarized consent form (Form DS-3053) granting permission for the child to obtain a passport. In cases where one parent has sole legal custody, that parent must submit documents proving their custodial rights.

The Two-Parent Consent Law

The Two-Parent Consent Law was established in response to increased international parental child abductions. The law requires both parents to provide consent for a child’s passport application to ensure that children are not wrongfully removed from their home country by a single parent.

The law states that both parents must appear in person at a passport acceptance facility with the necessary identification, passport photos, and evidence of their relationship to the child. In cases where one or both parents cannot attend, a signed and notarized consent form or court documents granting one parent sole custody and authority to apply for the child’s passport must be provided.

The Two-Parent Consent Law creates a system of checks and balances to reduce the risk of international child abductions and ensures both parents have a say in their child’s international travel.

Child Passport Application Process in New York

Applying for a child’s passport in New York may seem like a daunting task, but following the proper steps and gathering the required documents can make the process smooth and efficient. We cover the important aspects of the child passport application process in New York, including the required documents, where to submit the application, and situations where both parents are not needed to complete the application.

Required documents for application

To apply for a child passport in New York, you will need to gather several documents before proceeding with the application process. Here’s a list of documents that you will need:

Form DS-11: This is the standard passport application form for the United States. You can download it from the U.S. Department of State’s website, sign it at the time of submission, and provide all the details about the child, such as name, date of birth, place of birth, and social security number.
Proof of citizenship: To apply for a child’s passport, you must provide proof of U.S. citizenship. Acceptable documentation includes a certified copy of the child’s U.S. birth certificate or a previous U.S. passport. Wait until you get a certified copy of the child’s birth certificate before applying for the passport.
Proof of relationship: You also need to provide documentation proving a relationship between the child and parents. Typically, the child’s U.S. birth certificate, including the names of both parents, will serve as sufficient proof. If the child was born outside the United States, you can provide a foreign birth certificate, adoption decree, or court order establishing custody or guardianship.
Parental identification: Parents must present valid identification when submitting the child’s passport application. This could include a U.S. passport, driver’s license, military ID, or government employee ID. Parents also need to submit photocopies of the front and back of their identification along with the application.
Passport photos: You must submit 2×2-sized passport photos of the child, taken within six months of the application date.
Payment: The child passport application fee must be paid at the time of submission, which currently stands at $115 for a minor passport book.

Required Documents for Child Passport Application	Details
Form DS-11	Standard passport application form for the United States.
Proof of citizenship	Certified copy of the child’s U.S. birth certificate or previous U.S. passport.
Proof of relationship	Child’s U.S. birth certificate, foreign birth certificate, adoption decree, or court order.
Parental identification	Valid identification of both parents, such as U.S. passport, driver’s license, or military ID.
Passport photos	Two 2×2-sized passport photos of the child, taken within six months of the application date.

Where to submit the application

In New York, you can submit a child passport application at a U.S. Passport Acceptance Facility. There are many locations throughout the state, including post offices, courthouses, and public libraries. Some facilities require appointments, while others allow walk-ins. Visit the U.S. Department of State’s website to find the closest facility and verify their hours and appointment requirements.

In case of urgent travel plans, you may apply for an expedited service by providing proof of imminent international travel. This service has an additional fee, and you must apply in person at a U.S. Passport Agency or Center. The nearest location in New York is the New York Passport Agency, located at 376 Hudson St, New York, NY 10014.

Parental Exceptions and Special Circumstances

In most cases, both parents should be present when submitting the child’s passport application. However, there are circumstances where only one parent is needed. These include:

Sole Legal Custody

In case you are the sole custodian of your child and need to provide supporting paperwork for your child’s passport application, there are various types of documents you can use. These documents may include:

a complete court order that grants you full legal custody, like a divorce decree or any other custody order.
a detailed court order that specifically allows you to apply for your child’s passport (a photocopy is acceptable) can serve as evidence.
a certified copy of your child’s birth certificate that lists you as the only parent
a certified copy of an adoption decree with you as the sole parent.
a certified copy of the judicial declaration of incompetence for the other parent who cannot appear in person, or
a certified copy of the death certificate of the parent who cannot be present.

Proof Of Sole Legal Custody For Passport

If you find yourself as the sole legal custodian of your child, the authority to make decisions regarding your child’s passport rests solely with you, and you do not require the consent of the other parent. To navigate the process of obtaining a passport for your minor child smoothly, it is essential to meticulously handle the submission of all required documentation along with evidence demonstrating your sole legal authority.

For a parent with sole legal custody, a personal appearance is mandatory when applying for the minor’s passport. During this appearance, you must sign Form DS-11 in front of an Acceptance Agent. A crucial aspect of this process involves submitting primary evidence that confirms your exclusive authority to apply for your child’s passport. The following documents are accepted as proof of sole custody for minors:

The minor’s certified U.S. or foreign birth certificate, clearly indicating only the applying parent’s name.
A Consular Report of Birth Abroad (Form FS-240) or Certification of Birth Abroad (Form DS-1350) that expressly identifies the custodian as the sole legal guardian.
A court order that grants sole custody to the applying parent, with the exception of situations where the child’s travel is restricted according to the provisions of the said order.
A decree of adoption applies when the applying parent is the sole adopting parent.
A court order expressly permitting the parent or guardian applying for it to travel with the child.
A formal acknowledgment of the non-applying parent’s legal incapacity.
Official documentation confirming the death of the non-applying parent.

Each of these documents serves as crucial evidence of your exclusive legal standing, ensuring a successful application process for your minor child’s passport.

Navigating the intricate requirements for obtaining a passport under the proof of sole legal custody can be complex, but a skilled New York family law attorney can provide invaluable assistance. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our experienced attorneys can guide you through the necessary documentation, offer sound legal advice, and advocate for your rights as the sole custodian. Contact us to schedule a consultation and secure your child’s travel documentation with confidence.

One Parent Unable to Appear

In cases where a child’s passport application cannot be accompanied by one of their parents or guardians, the absent party can grant consent by filling out Form DS-3053, known as the “Statement of Consent.”

To proceed, the parent or guardian who is unable to attend must:

Sign and date Form DS-3053 while in the presence of a certified notary public, and
Include a photocopy of both the front and back sides of the identification they presented to the notary public along with Form DS-3053.

Other Parent Cannot be Located

In instances where the other parent cannot be reached or located, form DS-5525, known as the “Statement of Exigent/Special Family Circumstances,” must be submitted.

Make sure to provide as much information as possible on the form.
Additional evidence will be required, such as a custody order, incarceration order, or restraining order to prevent international parental child abduction.
If the non-applying parent is on military deployment, they should generally be able to supply a notarized Form DS-3053. However, in the rare instance that they are unreachable, you must either provide military orders and a Form DS-5525, which indicates that the non-applying parent is on a special assignment for over 30 days outside their duty station and cannot be contacted, or submit a signed statement from the non-applying parent’s commanding officer stating that they are unavailable.

Neither Parent Able to Appear

To obtain a child’s passport, a third party can submit a Form DS-3053, also known as a “Statement of Consent,” or a notarized statement from both parents/guardians granting permission for the third party to apply for the passport on behalf of the child. The statement should include a copy of the parents/guardians’ identification. However, if the statement is provided by only one parent/guardian, the third party must provide proof of sole custody of the consenting parent/guardian.

Keeping Track of Application Status

To ensure your child’s passport application runs smoothly, it is recommended to check the status regularly. You can track the progress of the application online or by phone. Be sure to have your child’s full name, date of birth, and the last four digits of their Social Security number handy when checking the application status.

Additionally, it’s essential to keep in mind that processing times for passports can vary depending on factors like application volume and the time of year. Remember to plan accordingly and apply well in advance of any planned international travel.

Renewing a Child’s Passport

All minor passports have a validity of five years, so it is necessary to renew your child’s passport when it expires. A child under 16, accompanied by both parents, must be present to renew their passport.

If the child’s last passport was issued when they were under 5, provide 1-2 photos per year from the issuance date to the present, demonstrating how their appearance has changed (casual or family photos are acceptable).

To renew the passport, follow these steps:

Schedule an ACS appointment.
Complete the DS-11 form online and bring it to the interview.
Bring the child’s current U.S. Passport (original and a copy of the front page).
Provide proof of U.S. citizenship (original and a copy): U.S. Birth Certificate or CRBA.
Present the parent’s proof of identity (original and a copy of the front page): a valid government-issued ID, such as a foreign passport, driver’s license, or ID card.
Bring one photo.
Include the child’s SSN on the application. If they don’t have one, you would need to fill out a form with a specific statement indicating that they have never been issued an SSN.
Pay the required passport services fee.

Obtaining a child’s passport in New York requires careful consideration of various legal requirements, including the involvement and consent of both parents. The Two-Parent Consent Law, in particular, plays a vital role in ensuring the child’s safety and preventing international child abductions. By understanding the necessary documents, submission procedures, and exceptions for parental involvement, parents can navigate the child passport application process with relative ease.

Enlisting the help of a skilled New York family lawyer can provide invaluable assistance in navigating the complexities of the passport application process. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our team of skilled New York family law attorneys may be able to help ensure that your passport application is handled smoothly and efficiently, allowing you to obtain the necessary travel documents without unnecessary delay or frustration. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/do-both-parents-need-to-be-present-for-their-childs-passport-application-in-new-york/

How To Avoid Paying Alimony in New York

Alimony or spousal support is financial assistance provided by a person to their spouse. The amount and frequency of alimony payments are decided by either the couple themselves through negotiations or by a judge who has evaluated the couple’s case.

If you earn more than your spouse, the court may be more likely to assign you the role of “monied spouse,” charged with providing your spouse with alimony. While this is not always the case, having to provide spousal maintenance can prevent you from fully moving on and building a new life after your divorce.

An experienced New York spousal support attorney may be able to help you learn more about your rights and your options on how to modify your alimony order or explore legal ways to stop paying it entirely. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, skilled New York divorce attorney Richard Shum offers quality legal assistance in matters of spousal support and other aspects of divorce. To learn more about how we can help you modify an alimony order, call us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a free consultation.

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“In both cases attorney Shum was great to work with. Navigating both of these situations was, at times, confusing. Attorney Shum made the details of both matters easy for me to comprehend.”

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How To Determine Who Qualifies for Spousal Support

In New York, the court usually assigns spousal support depending on the financial capability of each spouse. The court will prioritize giving alimony to a spouse who can demonstrate that they have a financial need for support. The court initially only order alimony on a temporary basis depending on the time the court determines would be enough for the payee spouse to get back on their feet.

There are three types of alimony in New York:

Temporary spousal support
Post-divorce alimony
Permanent or “non-durational” alimony

Temporary Alimony in New York

Temporary alimony in New York lasts during the duration of the divorce proceedings themselves. New York courts have a formula they use to calculate the suggested amount of temporary alimony. If the court determines the baseline support determined by the calculator to be unjust or inappropriate, a judge can increase or decrease the amount as they see fit.

The amount of temporary alimony is determined by each party’s income (up to $203,000 of the spouses’ net income) and whether the payor spouse will also have to pay child support on top of paying alimony. Temporary alimony does not affect the court’s decision regarding the awarding of post-divorce spousal maintenance.

Temporary alimony ends when the divorce is final or either spouse passes away.

Post-divorce Alimony

Post-divorce alimony or spousal maintenance can either be durational or non-durational. Durational alimony lasts for a fixed amount of time depending on how long the couple has been married:

15% – 30% of the time married for couples married for less than or equal to 15 years
30% – 40% of the time married for couples married for more than 15 years but less than 20 years
35% – 50% of the time married for couples married for more than 20 years

The calculation based on the duration of the marriage can be treated by a judge as a jumping-off point when deciding the duration of alimony. A judge can also use other factors (N.Y. Dom. Rel. Law § 236(6)(e) (2022)) to determine how long they can award alimony:

Age and health of each spouse
Each spouse’s present and future earning capacity
Any child support award on top of spousal support
Wasteful or unjust use of marital property
Whether the spouses were living together before marriage or living separately before the divorce
Any acts committed by one spouse to the other that prevented them from obtaining meaningful employment such as financial abuse or domestic violence
Whether the spouses have medical insurance
Whether a spouse was prevented from continuing a career due to care for children or other family members
Tax consequences to each spouse
The couple’s standard of living during the marriage
Whether a payee spouse gave up or delayed further education or career opportunities in favor of the marriage
Distribution of marital assets and whether each spouse can get any income from the properties
Contributions or services of a payee spouse to the payor such as taking care of the household so that the payor can focus on their career
Any factor the court believes is justifiable to take into consideration

For high-earners, any amount above the $203,000 previously considered would not affect the baseline calculation unless the judge determines that following the baseline is unjust or inappropriate. If the court decides that a deviation from the baseline is in order, the new amount will be put in writing including the reasoning and the factors the court used to come to that determination.

A post-divorce award lasts until the term of the alimony runs its course, the award is modified, either spouse dies, or the payee spouse remarries. In some cases, it may be changed when a payee spouse starts cohabitating with another person. (N.Y. Dom. Rel. § 236B(a))

Permanent Alimony in New York

In cases where the couple has been married for a long time and one of the spouses has never had the opportunity to build a career to take care of the family or because the other spouse had a high income. The court can also award non-durational alimony under the following circumstances:

Age – If the payee spouse was not able to support themselves due to stopping their career to take care of the house or children, and they are at an age wherein it would be difficult to reenter the workforce, they may be awarded alimony. Permanent alimony can also be awarded if the judge decides that the assets the payee spouse would get in the divorce would not be enough to support them financially.
Medical need – If a payee spouse has a severe medical condition or has a disability that prevents them from being self-sufficient, the court can award them permanent alimony
Financial dependence – If the judge determines that the payee spouse does not have the ability to become financially independent for any reason, the court can award them permanent alimony

Non-durational alimony in New York will end if either spouse dies or the payee spouse remarries. It can also end if there are changes in the quality of life of either the payor or the payee spouse.

“Attorney Richard Shum assisted my family and I with a very difficult landlord. At a time of a lot of concern and uncertainty, Mr. Shum was there for us every inch of the way, his confidence and vast knowledge of the law, together with his passion for it and for helping people, provided us the serenity to go on about our life, while he took care of they daunting matter.
At the end we reached an agreement only Atterney Shum could achieve.
Since I recommended his service to any friends that is in need of help with legal matters, from Landlord/Tenant to family court, and in every case I receive a thank you call from said friends, following the successful outcome he provided.
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How Is Alimony Paid in New York?

New York courts typically order spousal support to be paid in a monthly fashion. Depending on the spouses’ agreement, they can arrange a monthly direct deposit payment without interference from the court. In cases where the spouses cannot agree on the schedule and the method of payments, the court can instead arrange an income withholding order from the payor spouse’s account to ensure the collection of alimony payments.

Should a payor spouse miss payments, the payee spouse can file a formal complaint with the court and request an order to collect the missed payments.

Lump sum payments of alimony can also be awarded subject to a court order or the spouses’ agreement. Before choosing to pay a lump sum for your alimony payment, you should consider the tax implications of doing so. Your spouse may also remarry before the ordered duration of the alimony payments are due, forfeiting the alimony. Before you make any decisions, it is important to seek the help of an experienced New York spousal support attorney.

At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our attorneys work hard to provide quality legal support and representation to clients involved in matters of family law. Our skilled New York spousal support attorneys may be able to guide you through the roles and responsibilities of being a payor spouse in an alimony case. Call us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a free consultation.

How To Avoid Paying Alimony

Paying alimony can be a considerable financial strain to the payor spouse. If the divorce is highly contentious, having to pay spousal support or maintenance may feel like rubbing salt into the wound. However, not paying alimony after being ordered to by the court can result in devastating consequences.

Approaching the matter of avoiding alimony should be done with careful consideration of the factors surrounding your divorce. There are also some practical and legal methods you can utilize to avoid having to pay spousal support or maintenance in New York.

Creating a Prenuptial or Postnuptial Agreement

A prenuptial agreement can explicitly establish the assets and liabilities each spouse will bring into the marriage. A prenuptial agreement can also include a financial statement from each spouse and lay out exactly which asset belongs to which spouse.

If you have already finalized your marriage, you can also create a postnuptial agreement. A postnuptial contains essentially the same information as a prenuptial agreement but is created after the marriage.

You should consider having a skilled New York marital agreement attorney draft your documents to make sure they will be enforced by a judge. Having the help of an experienced attorney can ensure that your best interests are protected in the agreement and that it is legally binding.

Give Your Spouse Assets Instead of Spousal Support

If the possibility of creating a prenuptial or a postnuptial agreement is moot due to disagreements with your spouse, you may consider negotiating with your spouse and giving them a larger share of the marital assets, assets that give off income, your marital home, or a bigger chunk of any retirement funds you share.

The court may also decide more favorably on your behalf if you keep friendly communication with your spouse as it shows your willingness to cooperate and negotiate on the specifics of your divorce.

Request a Vocational Evaluation From the Court

If you have reason to believe that your spouse is remaining as a stay-at-home parent even if it is not strictly necessary, you may be able to request the court to conduct a vocational evaluation. A vocational evaluation carefully considers your spouse’s wage-earning capacity and whether they can reenter the workplace with ease after the divorce.

There is still a chance that the court will require you to pay temporary alimony until the divorce is finalized. While this may feel like a personal offense, especially if the divorce is contentious, it is important to remember that alimony payments are intended to help your spouse get back on their feet and allow themselves to be financially independent. Short-term alimony is a small price to pay, especially if your spouse gave up or postponed career opportunities to help establish your family or advance your career.

“I was very impressed with how astute, detail oriented and methodical Richard is with his work. He is experienced, technically proficient, highly effective and an excellent negotiator, who is proactive and knows the law inside and out. Richard kept me informed regularly and was responsive to all my requests and queries. All the traits that any good lawyer worth his salt should possess.”

— Private Client (via Avvo.com)

Submit Proof That Your Spouse Does Not Require Spousal Maintenance

There are cases in which an ex-spouse would only use obtaining spousal maintenance payments to get back to their ex meaning they don’t require the money to maintain their standard of living. Perhaps your spouse has access to a large inheritance or savings account, or perhaps a trust fund with a large stock portfolio. If this is the case, you may be able to seek legal assistance to declare your and your spouse’s complete financial statements and remove any doubt that your spouse can manage even without spousal maintenance.

Reduce Your Spending Where Possible

Given that getting a divorce can be a financially intensive process, it’s likely that you have already made a lot of lifestyle changes to accommodate that cost. It may be a good idea to evaluate your expenses, making sure to live within your means. If your spouse petitions the court for alimony, your monthly expenses and income will be among the factors considered by the judge in determining whether to award spousal support or maintenance.

Another important factor to consider is to never waste marital assets while in the process of finalizing your divorce. While you may feel like it is within your right to spend your marital funds as a result of the divorce, financially irresponsible acts can count as a demerit against you when the court is evaluating whether to award alimony to your spouse.

File Your Divorce Sooner Rather Than Later

It can be ridiculous to think of divorce as the solution to a disagreement, compared to working things through. However, dragging your feet in filing a divorce can cause you more heartache and a longer duration of alimony payments, given that the length of a marriage is a factor in determining the duration of alimony. If you feel that your marriage is not going to last, it may be best to file for a divorce as soon as you can.

Stay Informed About Your Spouse’s Relationships

You will no longer be required to pay spousal maintenance if your ex-spouse has remarried. If your spouse has begun cohabitating with a new partner, you may be able to stop paying as well. You should get the advice of your New York divorce attorney to determine whether you are required to continue paying spousal maintenance after your ex-spouse has begun living together with a new partner.

File a Fault Divorce

New York laws allow the filing of fault divorces, meaning a spousal act was the reason for the breakdown of the marriage. If you are a victim of spousal abuse or if your spouse was adulterous, you can file a fault divorce to lessen the chances of them being awarded alimony. You will need to provide proof of the wrongdoing to support your claim. The judge will also be the one to decide whether the fault-based grounds for the divorce have merit.

Working with an experienced New York contested divorce attorney who can protect your best interests and help you understand your rights under the law is essential. New York contested divorce attorney Richard Shum may be able to walk you through the process of filing a fault-based divorce. Our attorneys at the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum provide quality legal counsel and aggressive representation in the interest of protecting our clients’ rights. Call us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a free consultation.

Method to Avoid Paying Alimony	Description
Prenuptial or Postnuptial Agreement	Establishing legal agreements before or after marriage to define asset ownership and exclude alimony payments.
Giving Spouse Assets Instead	Negotiating with your spouse to provide a larger share of marital assets, income-generating assets, or retirement funds as an alternative to alimony.
Requesting Vocational Evaluation	Requesting a court-conducted evaluation of your spouse’s wage-earning capacity to determine their ability to reenter the workforce after the divorce.
Submitting Proof of No Financial Need	Seeking legal assistance to declare complete financial statements, proving that your spouse doesn’t require spousal maintenance for their standard of living.
Reducing Personal Spending	Evaluating expenses and living within your means, considering that your expenses and income may be factors considered by the court in determining alimony.
Filing for Divorce Sooner	Initiating divorce proceedings promptly to potentially minimize the duration of alimony payments based on the length of the marriage.
Staying Informed About Spouse’s Status	Monitoring your ex-spouse’s remarriage or cohabitation with a new partner, which may impact the requirement for spousal maintenance.
Filing a Fault Divorce	Pursuing a fault divorce by providing evidence of spousal abuse or adultery to reduce the chances of your spouse being awarded alimony.

Move Out Of State To Avoid Alimony

Relocating out of New York following a divorce can potentially impact alimony arrangements. Whether you are the recipient of alimony payments or the one making such payments to your former spouse, relocating to another state may be regarded as a significant change in circumstances. As a result, this change could result in an alteration of the alimony amount.

However, the result is heavily influenced by the details specified in your Marital Settlement Agreement (MSA). If you have intentions to move out of state post-divorce, it is recommended to incorporate details about your intended relocation within your MSA. Taking this proactive measure can facilitate a smoother transition.

If you are considering relocating to another state after a divorce, it is prudent to proactively amend your divorce arrangements to address potential changes. This enables you to make informed choices regarding your financial situation, tailored to your unique circumstances. This highlights the importance of consulting with an attorney before making any significant adjustments to your post-divorce arrangements.

Considering a move out of state to avoid alimony can have significant legal implications, and it’s crucial to navigate this complex matter with the guidance of a seasoned New York spousal support attorney. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our experienced lawyers understand the nuances of alimony laws in New York and can provide strategic guidance to help you make informed decisions about your case. Contact us to schedule a consultation and gain insight into your alimony concerns.

Can a Working Wife Get Alimony?

In New York, a working wife may be eligible for alimony if the court determines that she requires financial support. Alimony, also known as spousal support, is provided to assist a spouse in getting back on their feet after a divorce. The amount and duration of alimony payments are determined based on several factors, including the financial capacity of each spouse, the length of the marriage, and the needs of the recipient spouse. In New York, there are three types of alimony: temporary spousal support, post-divorce alimony, and permanent or “non-durational” alimony.

Temporary alimony is granted during the divorce proceedings and is calculated based on the income of both parties and other considerations, such as child support obligations. Post-divorce alimony can be either durational or non-durational and is awarded for a fixed period based on the duration of the marriage and other factors, including the age and health of each spouse, their earning potential, child support payments, and the contributions made by the recipient spouse to the payer’s career.

Permanent alimony may be granted when one spouse has been unable to build a professional career due to their responsibilities in caring for the family, or if the other spouse earns a substantial income. It can also be granted under specific circumstances, such as when the recipient spouse is unable to support themselves due to age, medical conditions, or financial dependence. Permanent alimony terminates if either spouse passes away, the recipient spouse remarries, or if there are significant changes in the circumstances or standard of living of either spouse.

How Do I Modify an Alimony Order or Stop Paying if I Have Already Been Ordered by the Court?

The main purpose of alimony and spousal maintenance is to help your spouse get back on their feet after a divorce. In most cases, awarding alimony is not meant to be a punishment to the payor spouse. You have the right to petition the court to modify the spousal support originally awarded to your spouse if:

You experience financial hardship as a result of a lifestyle change
- You retire
- You lose your job or make less money than you did before the divorce was finalized
Your spouse has gotten a job and become financially independent
Your spouse remarries
You contract an illness or sustain a disability that keeps you from working

These grounds may be useful, especially if the court has awarded permanent alimony to your spouse. However, if your financial hardship is self-induced, meaning you quit your job and became unemployed just to avoid paying alimony, the court may disregard your petition and order you to continue paying the same amount of spousal support or maintenance.

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Get the Help of an Experienced New York Spousal Support Attorney

Stopping the payment of alimony out of the blue can have enormous legal repercussions. Without a valid reason and without following the appropriate legal processes to modify your spousal support order, the court can order your wages to be garnished and use it to pay your outstanding payments. Any tax refund you receive may also be seized to pay for spousal support. In the worst-case scenario, a judge can hold you in contempt of court and sentence you to jail.

Richard Shum, a top-rated New York spousal support attorney, may be able to help you petition a modification of your spousal support order. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, we understand the importance of being able to start anew after a divorce. This can be challenging if you are experiencing a financial strain in the form of having to pay spousal support.

Our skilled attorneys can help determine the legal options available for you to avoid paying a large amount of money for alimony or avoid paying it entirely. To schedule a complimentary consultation with one of our experienced New York spousal support attorneys, contact us today at (646) 259-3416.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/how-to-avoid-paying-alimony-in-new-york/

What is Spousal Support?

A marriage is a financial relationship as much as it is an emotional one. Spouses are expected to support each other financially while they are together. When a couple goes through a divorce, this relationship is also severed. When one spouse in a divorce is at a financial disadvantage, spousal support can be a way to allow them to get back on their feet with the help of their ex-spouse.

As is often the case in a divorce, deciding on matters such as whether to request spousal support or when one avoids alimony can become contentious when emotions are running high. Getting the help of a New York attorney who can protect your best interests is crucial. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, experienced New York spousal support attorney Richard Shum has dedicated his practice to providing individuals with skilled legal advice in navigating divorce. Call us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a free consultation.

The Purpose of Spousal Support

Spousal support or alimony is financial assistance one spouse pays to the other even after their marriage is terminated. It is meant to tide over any difficulties a financially dependent spouse may encounter while transitioning from a two-income to a one-income household.

Spousal support has little to do with gender roles and everything to do with each spouse’s financial security after the divorce. Spousal support is also seen as a way to help spouses who worked in the home or postponed their careers to look after their family to look for a job that can support their existing standard of living.

As a no-fault divorce state, it is not necessary for a divorce to have fault-based grounds before a spouse can be awarded spousal support.

Alimony vs Spousal Support

In the state of New York, the terms “alimony” and “spousal support” may seem to be different, but they actually refer to the same concept. They represent the financial assistance that a more financially stable spouse provides to the other during or after a divorce.

Traditionally, “alimony” was the term used in discussing post-divorce payments, while “spousal support” referred to payments made during the separation or divorce proceedings. However, in modern legal language, these terms are interchangeable.

Alimony or spousal support is not automatically granted in New York divorces. The court considers various factors such as the length of the marriage, the earning capacity of each spouse, the standard of living during the marriage, and the needs of the receiving spouse. The goal is to mitigate any unfair economic impacts caused by a divorce, allowing a lower-earning spouse to maintain a lifestyle similar to what they experienced during the marriage.

It’s essential to understand that alimony or spousal support can be modified or terminated based on circumstances like the remarriage of the receiving spouse, a significant change in the financial situation of either party, or other conditions as defined by New York state law.

The complexities surrounding alimony and spousal support underscore the importance of seeking legal counsel when dealing with divorce proceedings. An experienced spousal support attorney can provide necessary guidance and advice on these critical matters.

How is Spousal Support Calculated?

The calculation of spousal support in New York courts differs based on the presence or absence of child support. If the non-custodial parent is responsible for both child and spousal support, the payment amount is determined by deducting 25% of the payee’s income from 20% of the payor’s income. For example, if the payor earns $100,000 per year and the payee earns $50,000 per year, the spousal support would be $7,500 per year or $625 per month.

On the other hand, if child support is not involved or the custodial parent is providing spousal support, the payment amount is calculated by subtracting 20% of the payee’s income from 30% of the payor’s income. In the previous example, the spousal support would be $20,000 per year.

There are restrictions on spousal support amounts based on the couple’s combined income. The calculation involves subtracting the payee’s income from 40% of the couple’s joint income. If the result is less than the spousal support calculated earlier, the payee will receive the lower amount. In the previous example, the maximum spousal support would be $10,000 per year (or $833.33 monthly payments) when child support is not involved.

In New York, spousal support must be calculated before determining child support payments to ensure that parents’ incomes accurately represent their monthly financial resources. If spousal support obligations reduce an individual’s income below the annual “self-support reserve” amount (which was $18,347 in 2022), payment amounts may be lowered accordingly. If the payor’s income exceeds the “income cap” (which was $203,000 in 2022), spousal support calculations only apply to income up to that limit. Judges have discretion over spousal support calculations for income exceeding the cap.

How is Spousal Support Awarded?

In New York, a couple who is divorcing may negotiate whether and how much spousal support is necessary. If they cannot reach an agreement, either spouse may file a spousal support petition in Family Court and seek the court’s intervention in deciding the matter of spousal support.

When seeking a divorce, each couple’s financial records are submitted to the court. This information will be used in determining how much spousal support can be given. Spousal support payments can be a significant financial concern for the payor spouse. While no one gets into a marriage expecting a divorce, it is reasonable to speak about it with your spouse in advance or create legal safeguards that can protect you and your spouse from future issues.

Spousal support can be awarded before the divorce is finalized and is usually given by the higher-earning spouse to the other. Temporary spousal support ends once the court has decided upon terms of spousal maintenance, usually when the divorce proceedings conclude.

Spousal support payments are different from child support. You can receive alimony even if you do not have a child with your ex-spouse, but the amount you will receive from your spouse if they are also paying for child support may be less.

The court uses baseline guidelines on how much spousal support, or maintenance, must be awarded but will factor in considerations such as the following:

Each spouse’s income
Any assets or property they own or received during the divorce
Each spouse’s health and age
Each spouse’s contributions to their household
Any parental obligations that caused a spouse to postpone their career
Each spouse’s wage-earning capacity – any current or prior experience, academic achievements, etc.
How long a couple has been married

In cases of high-net-worth individuals, the court may order a deviation in the spousal support computation. Prenuptial and postnuptial agreements will also be honored if a couple has previously discussed and agreed upon the subject of spousal support.

Spousal maintenance refers to post-divorce financial support a financially disadvantaged individual will receive from their ex-spouse. It can either be durational or non-durational.

Non-durational alimony effectively lasts until the receiving spouse gets remarried, or either spouse passes away.
Durational alimony lasts for a fixed amount of time depending on how long the couple has been married but may be terminated once the receiving spouse gets remarried or either spouse passes away.

Considerations for Spousal Support	Description
Each spouse’s income	The court considers the income of both spouses to determine how much support should be awarded.
Assets or property	Any assets or property owned or received during the divorce are also considered in the computation of spousal support.
Health and age	The health and age of each spouse are factors in deciding spousal support.
Contributions to household	Contributions of each spouse to their household, including parenting obligations, are considered.
Wage-earning capacity	The current or prior work experience, academic achievements, and wage-earning capacity of each spouse are taken into account.
Length of marriage	The duration of the marriage is a significant factor in determining spousal support.
Prenuptial and postnuptial agreements	Spousal support agreements made through prenuptial or postnuptial agreements are honored if previously discussed and agreed upon.
Durational and Non-durational alimony	Spousal maintenance can either be durational or non-durational, depending on the length of marriage and the receiving spouse’s ability to support themselves.

Non-durational alimony is often given in cases where the spouses have been married for a long time and one of the spouses has not established a career due to taking care of the family or supporting the other spouse’s career. Awarding of non-durational alimony depends on whether the financially dependent spouse still has the capacity to earn a wage and build a career to support themselves.

It is crucial to follow a spousal support order once it is given by the court. While it is understandable that the payor spouse may have some qualms about providing for their ex-spouse, especially if the divorce has been difficult, purposefully ignoring a spousal support order or engaging in fraudulent behavior to avoid paying spousal support can result in dire legal consequences.

Before you make any decisions about alimony, it is important to consult with an experienced New York spousal support attorney who can walk you through the processes involved. An attorney can represent your interests in alimony negotiations and also help you enforce a spousal support order, if necessary.

At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, we understand the financial impact of divorce and offer quality legal counsel and representation to individuals going through this difficult time. We provide assistance in filing spousal support petitions, whether temporary or post-divorce and can also help in seeking spousal support order modifications. Our skilled New York spousal attorneys are ready to assist. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a free consultation or fill out our online form.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/what-is-spousal-support/

Initiating Divorce: A How-To Guide

Divorce is one of the most challenging decisions a person can face in their life. It’s a pivotal moment, marking the end of a chapter and the beginning of another. The process involves a great deal of emotional complexity, legal intricacy, and financial implications. Consequently, the way you approach the subject and communicate your decision to your spouse can significantly impact the process. It’s crucial to consider several factors to ensure you handle the situation with care, respect, and dignity.

The process of asking for a divorce can be daunting, and it’s crucial to seek legal advice to navigate through this intricate journey. Our New York divorce attorney is experienced in dealing with the complexities of divorce cases, providing sound advice on how to communicate your intentions to your spouse effectively and tactfully. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our team of Manhattan divorce lawyers can guide you through the legal proceedings, helping you understand your rights, responsibilities, and the potential outcomes of different scenarios. Call us today at (646) 259-3416. Our team can provide the necessary support and guidance to make the process as smooth and straightforward as possible.

Understanding the Divorce Process in New York

In New York, either spouse can file for divorce. The state recognizes both fault-based and no-fault divorces. A no-fault divorce can be filed when one or both spouses claim that the marriage has been irretrievably broken for at least six months, whereas fault-based divorce can be sought on grounds including adultery, cruelty, abandonment, or imprisonment. New York divorce laws also include provisions for equitable distribution of marital property, which means the court divides marital property in a way that is fair but not necessarily equal.

Residency Requirements in New York

Before filing for divorce in New York, it’s important to understand the state’s residency requirements. At least one of the following points has to be satisfied to meet the requirement:

At least one spouse must have been a New York resident for a continuous period of two years before filing.
If the couple was married in New York, and at least one spouse has lived in the state for a continuous year, they can file for divorce.
If both spouses are residents of New York at the time of filing, and the grounds for the divorce occurred in the state, they can file without regard to the length of residency.

These residency requirements ensure that New York courts have jurisdiction over your case and can make legally binding decisions regarding your divorce.

Types of Divorce in New York

Divorce proceedings can be categorized into two primary types: uncontested and contested. Each type represents a different pathway to the dissolution of a marriage, carrying its own set of characteristics, requirements, and potential challenges.

Uncontested Divorce

An uncontested divorce is when both parties agree on all aspects of the divorce, including property division, child custody, and spousal support. This is typically a smoother and quicker process as there are no disputes for the court to resolve. Parties involved in an uncontested divorce often work with their respective attorneys to draft a settlement agreement, which is then submitted to the court for approval. Often, no court appearances may be required.

Contested Divorce

A contested divorce, on the other hand, is when the parties cannot agree on one or more issues, and the court must decide. These divorces are often more complex and time-consuming. They may require a trial where both parties present evidence and arguments for their desired outcomes. These cases can be challenging, and it’s essential to have a knowledgeable Manhattan divorce lawyer to represent your interests and guide you through the process.

Understanding the divorce process in New York is crucial for anyone contemplating divorce. From residency requirements to the different types of divorce, each aspect plays a key role in how the divorce proceedings will unfold. A Manhattan divorce lawyer can help you navigate these complexities, ensuring that you understand your options and are able to make informed decisions that reflect your best interests.

How to Tell Your Spouse You Want a Divorce

Divorce is a difficult topic, fraught with heavy emotions and implications. However, when it becomes inevitable, it’s crucial to approach your spouse with clarity, compassion, and respect. Here’s how to tell your spouse you want a divorce.

Start by preparing yourself emotionally. Understand that the conversation will be difficult and you may receive a strong reaction. Try to anticipate the emotions that may arise and think about how you’ll handle them. Consider speaking to a counselor or therapist to help navigate your feelings.
Timing is crucial. Choose a calm, private environment and a time when both of you are not preoccupied or stressed. Do not rush the conversation; ensure you have ample time to talk things through.
When you start the conversation, be clear and direct about your intentions. Use “I” statements to express your feelings, such as “I feel unhappy” or “I have tried, but I cannot continue”, instead of blaming your spouse. This will help you communicate your feelings without provoking defensiveness.
While it’s important to be firm about your decision, also show empathy towards your spouse. Understand their feelings and reactions, even if they’re negative. Remember, this news is likely to be as difficult for them to hear as it is for you to tell.
Avoid getting into the specifics of splitting assets or custody during this initial conversation. This discussion is about your emotional disconnection and the decision to divorce, not about the logistics, which can be discussed later.

Remember, it’s important to maintain respect and compassion throughout the process, despite the pain and difficulties. After all, this person was once your partner in life.

Preparing for a Divorce in New York

Preparation is a key aspect of the divorce process. Ensuring you have all the necessary documentation, a clear understanding of your financial situation, and a well-thought-out plan for any children involved can help make the process smoother and more manageable.

Gathering Essential Documents

The first step in preparing for a divorce process is compiling all the relevant documents. These include:

Financial records: Tax returns, bank statements, investment and retirement accounts, property deeds.
Personal documents: Birth certificates, social security cards, and passports for you and your children.

These documents provide a detailed overview of your financial circumstances and are crucial for discussions about property division, child support, and spousal maintenance.

Identifying Marital Assets and Debts

Another critical step in preparing for divorce is identifying and understanding the full extent of your marital assets and debts. Marital assets can include properties, vehicles, investments, retirement accounts, and personal belongings acquired during the marriage. Conversely, marital debts might comprise mortgages, car loans, credit card debts, and other liabilities incurred during the marriage.

It’s important to note that New York is an equitable distribution state, which means that marital assets and liabilities are divided in a manner considered fair by the court, but not necessarily equally. Having a comprehensive understanding of your assets and debts can help you and your attorney negotiate a fair distribution.

Considering Child Custody and Support

If you and your spouse have minor children, considering their future custody and support arrangements is a vital part of the divorce preparation process. New York courts prioritize the best interests of the child when making decisions about custody and support.

Child custody involves decisions about who the child will live with (physical custody) and who will make important decisions about the child’s upbringing (legal custody). Child support, on the other hand, refers to the financial support a non-custodial parent contributes towards a child’s living and education costs.

It’s important to remember that these decisions can have long-lasting impacts on the child’s life. Therefore, it’s advisable to discuss potential arrangements with a competent Manhattan divorce lawyer who can guide you in making decisions that are in the best interest of your child.

Initiating the Divorce Process

Starting the divorce process involves a few key steps. These include choosing the appropriate grounds for divorce, filing the initial legal documents, and serving the divorce papers to your spouse. Each step is an integral part of the process and requires careful thought and planning.

Choosing the Right Grounds for Divorce

The grounds for divorce set the tone for the entire divorce process. They form the basis for the dissolution of the marriage and can significantly influence how smoothly the process unfolds.

Fault-Based Grounds

Fault-based grounds imply that one spouse is to blame for the dissolution of the marriage. In New York, these grounds include:

Cruel and Inhuman Treatment: To claim this ground, you need to prove specific instances of cruelty that occurred within the last five years. Merely arguing with your spouse or not getting along is insufficient. The cruelty must be severe enough that the plaintiff is in physical or mental danger, and it would be unsafe or inappropriate for them to continue living with the defendant.
Abandonment: For this ground, the defendant must have abandoned the plaintiff for a duration of at least one year. Abandonment could mean either physically leaving the marital home with no intent of returning, or a refusal to engage in sexual relations with the plaintiff, referred to as “constructive” abandonment.
Imprisonment: This ground applies when the defendant has been incarcerated for three or more consecutive years. The defendant must have been sentenced to prison after the commencement of the marriage. The plaintiff can claim this ground either while the defendant is still in prison or up to five years following their release.
Adultery: To assert this ground, the plaintiff must provide evidence that the defendant committed adultery during the marriage. This can be challenging to prove as it requires testimony from someone other than the plaintiff or defendant.
Divorce Following a Legal Separation Agreement: For this, both the plaintiff and defendant must sign and file a legally valid separation agreement and live separately for a year. The separation agreement must meet certain legal criteria to be considered valid.
Divorce after a Judgment of Separation: This ground, rarely used and sometimes referred to as a “conversion,” requires the Supreme Court to issue a judgment of separation, after which the married couple must live apart for one year.
Living apart pursuant to a separation agreement: The couple has lived apart for at least a year according to a legally valid separation agreement, and the spouse who is filing has substantially complied with the terms of the agreement.

No-Fault Divorce

In 2010, New York became the final U.S. state to implement a bona fide “no-fault” divorce law. This now allows any spouse pursuing divorce in New York to assert under oath via a Verified Complaint that their marital relationship has irreparably deteriorated over a minimum period of six months.

This kind of claim is referred to as “irreconcilable differences” in other states. The specifics of these differences can vary case by case, but fundamentally, it implies a six-month period where the spouses have failed to maintain harmony in their relationship.

There’s no legal defense needed against a no-fault divorce claim. However, the divorce will only be granted once all financial matters, including spousal and child support, fair division of marital assets and liabilities, attorney fees, and expenses, along with issues of custody, have been settled.

Selecting the appropriate grounds for divorce is an important first step in the process. The grounds chosen can impact the length, cost, and overall nature of the divorce proceedings. A divorce lawyer can provide valuable advice on which ground is most appropriate for your specific circumstances, considering the nuances of your situation and the potential implications of each choice. They can also help you understand the legal requirements for each ground and guide you through the process of filing for divorce on these grounds.

Filing a Summons and Complaint

The divorce process officially begins when you file a summons and complaint with the court. The summons informs your spouse that you are initiating a divorce action, while the complaint outlines the grounds for your divorce and your requests regarding property division, spousal support, child custody, and child support.

When preparing these documents, it’s critical to be thorough and accurate. Any errors or omissions can potentially delay the divorce process or impact the final divorce judgment. A Manhattan divorce lawyer can help you prepare these documents accurately and efficiently.

Serving Divorce Papers to Your Spouse

After you have filed the summons and complaint, the next step is to serve the divorce papers to your spouse. This is an important step as it formally notifies your spouse of the divorce action and gives them an opportunity to respond.

In New York, divorce papers must be served in person, unless the court grants permission for an alternate method of service. The papers can be served by a professional process server, a friend or relative over 18 who is not involved in the divorce, or by a sheriff or marshal.

Navigating the Divorce Proceedings

Once the divorce process has been initiated, there are several stages that you and your spouse will need to navigate. Each stage carries its own set of challenges, expectations, and legal requirements, making it crucial to understand what each involves.

Responding to a Divorce Summons

If you’re the spouse who has been served with a divorce summons and complaint, your first task is to respond. In New York, you typically have 20 days to respond if you were served personally and 30 days if the papers were served in any other manner.

Your response, or answer, should address each of the statements in the complaint. You can agree or disagree with the statements, and you also have the opportunity to make your own requests regarding property division, alimony, child custody, and child support.

Failing to respond in a timely manner can result in a default judgment, where the court grants the requests of the filing spouse. Therefore, it’s crucial to respond promptly and accurately, ideally with the assistance of a Manhattan divorce lawyer.

Discovery Process in New York Divorce Cases

The discovery process is a crucial phase of the divorce proceedings in which both spouses disclose all relevant information about their finances, assets, debts, and other issues pertinent to the divorce.

This process can involve written questions (interrogatories), requests for documents, depositions (sworn out-of-court testimony), and admissions of fact. It’s designed to ensure both spouses have all the necessary information to negotiate a fair settlement or prepare for trial.

The assistance of a Manhattan divorce lawyer can be invaluable in navigating the discovery process, ensuring that all relevant information is disclosed and that your rights are protected.

Negotiating Settlements

Negotiations are a key part of many divorce proceedings, as they allow spouses to exert more control over the outcome. Successful negotiation depends on a thorough understanding of each party’s rights, financial circumstances, and the best interests of any children involved.

Understanding the Importance of Negotiations

Negotiations during a divorce process hold significant importance due to several reasons. They can control the outcomes, reduce stress, and fast-track the process. Here’s why this stage is crucial:

Control over outcomes: Negotiating a settlement gives you and your spouse more control over the final terms of your divorce, including property division, alimony, child custody, and child support.
Less stress: Negotiations can be less emotionally taxing than a full trial.
Speed: A mutually agreed settlement can often be finalized more quickly than a court-decided divorce.

Key Areas for Negotiation

During divorce negotiations, several key areas need to be addressed. These include property division, spousal support, and issues related to child custody and support:

Property Division: Assets and debts acquired during the marriage need to be divided equitably. This includes real estate, vehicles, retirement accounts, household items, and financial liabilities.
Spousal Support: Also known as alimony, this involves one spouse providing financial support to the other after the divorce.
Child Custody and Support: Decisions need to be made regarding who will have physical and legal custody of the children, visitation rights, and the financial support to be provided for the children’s upbringing.

Court Hearings and Trial

The progression of a divorce case often involves several court appearances and potentially a trial. These stages are crucial in shaping the outcome of the divorce. They include preliminary and final conferences and, if necessary, a divorce trial.

Preliminary and Final Conferences

In the initial stages of a divorce case, the court facilitates preliminary and final conferences to help streamline the case and encourage settlement.

Initial Conference

The preliminary conference, often referred to as the initial conference, is the first formal court proceeding in a divorce case. The purpose of this conference is to:

Identify the contested issues: Parties make clear what they agree on and what they dispute. This could include matters of child custody, property division, alimony, and child support.
Establish a timeline: The court sets a schedule for key dates and deadlines, such as when discovery must be completed, when motions can be filed, and a tentative date for trial if necessary.
Facilitate settlement discussions: The court may encourage parties to negotiate and potentially reach an early settlement.

Final Conference

A final conference often occurs after the discovery phase but before a trial. The purpose of the final conference is to:

Review the status of the case: The court assesses what’s been done and what remains to be resolved.
Encourage settlement: The court usually encourages parties to resolve their disputes through negotiation or mediation, reducing the need for a trial.
Prepare for trial: If a trial seems inevitable, the court will review the trial readiness of the case, ensuring all necessary preparations are underway.

Divorce Trials in New York

If the parties in a divorce case cannot reach a settlement, the case goes to trial. The trial is a formal court proceeding where both sides present their cases and the judge makes a final decision.

Trial Preparation

The preparation for a divorce trial is extensive. It involves gathering and organizing evidence, preparing witnesses, and creating a trial strategy. Both parties, typically with the assistance of their attorneys, work to build a robust case that supports their desired outcomes.

Trial Proceedings

During the trial, each party presents their case. This involves presenting evidence, questioning witnesses, and making arguments to the judge. The judge listens to all the evidence and arguments before making a decision.

Judgment and Appeals

Once the trial concludes, the judge makes a decision on all contested issues. This judgment is legally binding and sets the terms of the divorce. If either party disagrees with the judgment, they can appeal to a higher court. However, successful appeals are rare and typically require demonstrating that a clear legal error occurred during the trial.

Getting the Legal Help of a Manhattan Divorce Lawyer

Asking for a divorce is a significant step that requires thoughtful consideration and preparation. It’s important to approach the conversation with clarity, empathy, and a willingness to navigate the subsequent stages carefully. Remember, your goal is to express your decision in a way that respects the feelings of your spouse and paves the way for an amicable divorce process. Your approach can significantly influence how smoothly the divorce process unfolds, affecting not just you and your spouse, but any children involved as well.

A New York divorce attorney can be an invaluable ally during this complex process. From helping you prepare for the initial conversation to guiding you through negotiations, court hearings, or even a trial, a lawyer can provide the legal experience and support you need. Divorce is a challenging journey, but with the right approach and professional assistance, you can navigate it in a manner that respects everyone’s well-being and leads to a fair resolution. Contact the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation with our Manhattan divorce lawyers.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/initiating-divorce-a-how-to-guide/

What is the Meaning of Full Custody in New York City?

Navigating the complex world of child custody can be overwhelming for parents in New York City. Understanding the legal terminology and the implications it holds is crucial for ensuring the well-being and stability of children. One term that frequently arises in custody disputes is “full custody.” In this article, we will delve into the meaning of full custody in New York City, shedding light on its significance and the potential impact it can have on both parents and children.

When facing a custody battle, it is vital to seek the guidance and support of a knowledgeable New York family law attorney. At The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our New York child custody lawyers can assist by providing invaluable assistance, explaining the intricacies of the various forms of custody, and helping parents understand the rights and responsibilities associated with those arrangements. Our team can guide you through the legal process, helping you prepare a compelling case to present before the family court. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

Definition of Full Custody

In the context of family law, full custody, also known as sole custody, implies that one parent is granted the exclusive right and responsibility for making decisions about the child’s welfare. This includes making decisions related to the child’s education, medical care, religion, and other aspects of their upbringing.

Full custody may consist of both physical and legal custody. Physical custody encompasses where the child primarily resides and who is responsible for their day-to-day care, whereas legal custody refers to the authority granted to a parent to make essential decisions for their child’s well-being.

In some cases, a parent may be awarded full physical custody while still sharing legal custody with the other parent. In other cases, one parent may have both full physical and legal custody, limiting the other parent’s rights and responsibilities.

Difference Between Full Custody and Joint Custody

The main difference between full custody and joint custody lies in the distribution of decision-making authority and the child’s residence.

In full custody, one parent has exclusive control over the child’s upbringing, including the right to make decisions about their education, healthcare, and religious practices. This parent also has primary physical custody, meaning the child resides with them most of the time. The non-custodial parent may have visitation rights but does not have the same level of control over the child’s life.

On the other hand, joint custody allows both parents to share responsibilities for their child’s care and participate in the decision-making process. Joint custody can be split into joint physical custody, joint legal custody, or a combination of both. In this arrangement, both parents are expected to work together for the child’s best interests.

Determining the suitable custody option for your family is a complex process, often involving negotiations, mediation, or courtroom trials. In New York, judges prioritize the child’s best interests when deciding custody matters. Factors influencing their decision may include the child’s age, parents’ ability to cooperate, each parent’s parenting skills, and any history of domestic violence or abuse.

Full Custody vs Sole Custody

When parents decide to divorce or legally separate, they must establish child custody arrangements that prioritize the child’s best interests. There are various types of child custody, and it’s crucial to select the most appropriate option for your family’s unique circumstances.

Both sole custody and full custody entail designating one parent as the primary authority figure. These custody arrangements are typically suitable when one parent is either unwilling or unable to sufficiently provide for the child. It’s important to clarify the distinction between full custody and sole custody, as these terms are often used interchangeably but carry different meanings.

Full custody refers to a situation in which one of the parents, whether the mother or father, assumes all rights and responsibilities for the child. This means that one parent has complete authority over critical aspects such as medical care, education, religious upbringing, and other decisions related to the child’s upbringing. The parent with full custody holds both legal and physical custody.

Sole custody, on the other hand, occurs when one parent has exclusive authority and responsibility for the child. In this case, the other parent holds no legal rights or responsibilities toward the child. The custodial parent is not required to consult with the non-custodial parent regarding matters such as the child’s medical care, education, and upbringing.

Determining whether sole custody or full custody is more appropriate depends on your unique circumstances and what best suits your family’s needs. If you are contemplating either option, it is recommended to seek guidance from an experienced New York family law attorney who can offer advice tailored to your situation and the best interests of your child. Contact The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum today to schedule a consultation and gain the support you need.

The Legal Process of Obtaining Full Custody in NYC

Obtaining full custody in New York City follows a legal process that involves several steps. It’s important to note that custody cases can vary depending on the specific circumstances and the best interests of the child involved. Here is a general overview of the process:

Consult with an attorney: It’s recommended to consult with an experienced family law attorney who specializes in custody cases. They can guide you through the process and provide legal advice based on your unique situation.
Filing a petition: The first step is to file a petition for custody with the Family Court in the appropriate jurisdiction in New York City. You will need to provide information about yourself, the child, and the reasons why you are seeking full custody.
Serve the other parent: After filing the petition, you must have a copy of the petition and a summons served on the other parent. Proper service ensures that the other parent is aware of the custody case and has an opportunity to respond.
Preparing for court: Both parties may be required to attend mediation or counseling sessions to attempt to reach an agreement on custody. If an agreement is not reached, the case proceeds to court.
Court appearances: The court will schedule appearances to gather information and make decisions regarding custody. These appearances may involve presenting evidence, witness testimony, and arguments from both sides. The court will consider factors such as the child’s best interests, the parent-child relationship, the physical and mental health of the parents, and other relevant factors.
Investigation and evaluation: In some cases, the court may order an investigation or evaluation by a court-appointed professional, such as a social worker or psychologist. The evaluator will assess the child’s living situation, relationships with parents, and other relevant factors, providing a report to the court.
Custody determination: Based on the information presented during the hearings and any professional evaluations, the court will make a custody determination. The court may award sole custody to one parent or joint custody, depending on what is deemed to be in the best interests of the child.
Custody order: If you are granted full custody, the court will issue a custody order outlining the rights and responsibilities of each parent. The custody order may include provisions related to visitation, decision-making authority, and other relevant matters.

It’s important to consult with an attorney to understand the specific requirements and procedures in your case. Family law can be complex, and an attorney can provide guidance tailored to your situation to help you navigate the process effectively.

Factors Considered by the Court in Custody Decisions

When it comes to determining custody arrangements in divorce or separation cases, various factors are considered to ensure the well-being and best interests of the child. Courts carefully evaluate multiple aspects of the parents’ lives and their ability to provide stability. In custody disputes, the court or voluntary agreement typically favors the parent who was initially awarded custody. If one parent has been primarily responsible for raising the child during a period when the other parent was absent from the home, the court will prioritize maintaining stability for the child by keeping them in their current living situation rather than switching custody to the other parent.

Child Care Arrangements

When both parents have work obligations, the parent with better childcare arrangements is often given priority in custody decisions. If one parent can demonstrate significantly superior childcare arrangements compared to the other, it may influence the custody arrangement.

Primary Caretaker

The parent who served as the primary caretaker of the child prior to the divorce or separation may be granted priority in custody disputes. For instance, if one parent dedicated substantially more time to childcare while the other parent worked or engaged in other activities, the parent who acted as the primary caretaker is more likely to be awarded custody.

Drugs and Alcohol

Evidence of substance abuse can impact the custody decision, with a parent struggling with drug or alcohol misuse being less likely to receive custody. The court will take into account the well-being and safety of the child when determining custody arrangements.

Mental Health of the Parents

Untreated mental illness, personality disorders, emotional instability, or poor parenting skills may influence the custody award. A parent experiencing such conditions is less likely to be granted custody due to concerns about their ability to provide a stable and nurturing environment for the child.

Physical Health of the Parent

If a severe physical illness or disability significantly hampers one parent’s capacity to care for the child, it may affect the custody decision. The parent suffering from such a condition may be less likely to receive custody, as the court considers the child’s well-being and the ability of each parent to meet their needs.

Spousal Abuse

Instances of domestic violence committed by one parent against the other, especially in the presence of the child, will have a considerable impact on the custody decision. The parent who engaged in abusive behavior is less likely to be awarded custody due to concerns for the safety and well-being of the child.

Abuse, Neglect, and Abandonment

Evidence of child abuse, neglect, abandonment, or persistent interference with the other parent’s visitation rights can significantly influence custody arrangements. A parent who has been found to engage in such behaviors is less likely to receive custody, as the court prioritizes the child’s safety and welfare.

Child’s Preference

Depending on the child’s age, their preference to live with one parent may be taken into consideration. However, the court carefully examines the reasons behind the child’s preference. If the child’s choice is based on a parent who fails to provide proper discipline or set appropriate boundaries, the court may find that living with that parent would not be in the child’s best interest.

Finances of Each Parent

The court considers the financial ability of each parent to provide for the child’s needs. If one parent is unable to afford suitable housing or meet the child’s basic necessities, it may negatively impact their chances of receiving custody.

Conditions in the Home Environment

Courts prioritize placing the child in a safe and healthy environment. If one parent’s household poses potential dangers, such as a violent new partner, frequent parties, or hazardous items, it could affect the custody decision. The parent residing in an unsafe environment is less likely to be granted custody to ensure the child’s well-being.

Educational Opportunities

The court may consider the educational opportunities offered by each parent. If one parent can provide significantly better educational options, such as access to an excellent school or meeting the child’s specific educational needs, it may influence the custody decision in their favor.

Where the Child’s Siblings Live

Courts strive to keep siblings together whenever possible. If the child has siblings or half-siblings living with one parent, it may affect the custody decision, as maintaining sibling relationships is considered beneficial for the child’s well-being.

Court’s Observations of the Parents

The court pays attention to the behavior of both parents during court proceedings. They are more inclined to grant custody to the parent who demonstrates a willingness to foster a healthy relationship between the child and the other parent. The court values a cooperative and supportive attitude that prioritizes the child’s best interests and a stable and nurturing environment.

Full Custody Modification in NYC

In New York City, child custody orders can be modified if there is a substantial change in circumstances or the current arrangement is no longer in the child’s best interest. This section will discuss when and how to request a custody modification, as well as options for enforcing a full custody order when a parent is not abiding by the terms.

When to Request a Custody Modification

There are several reasons a parent may need to request a custody modification. These can include changes in a parent’s living situation, employment, or health, or concerns about the child’s well-being and safety. Below are some examples of when a custody modification may be appropriate:

One parent has experienced a significant change in health, impacting their ability to care for the child.
The child’s needs have changed, and the current custody arrangement no longer meets those needs.
One parent has become involved in illegal activities or develops a substance abuse issue.
One parent intends to relocate, which would make the current custody arrangement difficult or impossible to maintain.
There is evidence of abuse or neglect by one parent, necessitating a change in custody to protect the child.

In such circumstances, the parent seeking the modification must prove that the change in circumstances warrants a change in custody and that the modification would be in the child’s best interest.

Reasons for Custody Modification	Examples	Actions Taken
Parent’s change in health	Serious illness or disability, mental health issues	Request medical evaluation, obtain medical records, present evidence of health condition
Child’s changing needs	Specialized care or therapy requirement, educational changes	Obtain expert evaluations, present evidence of changing needs, propose modified custody plan
Parent’s involvement in illegal activities or substance abuse	Arrest for drug-related offenses, involvement in criminal activities	Gather police/court records, collect witness statements, provide substance abuse documentation
Parent’s intent to relocate	Job offer in another state, relocation far from child’s residence	Verify relocation intent, assess impact on child’s well-being and visitation rights, suggest alternative custody/visitation arrangements
Evidence of abuse or neglect	Reports of physical/emotional abuse, signs of neglect or inadequate care	Document instances of abuse/neglect, gather witness testimonies, involve child protective services, seek restraining order or protective measures

Working with a New York Child Custody Attorney

Navigating the complexities of child custody laws in New York City can be overwhelming, which is why seeking the assistance of a New York child custody attorney is highly recommended. An attorney widely experienced in family law can provide invaluable guidance and support throughout the entire custody process.

At The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, family law attorney Richard Roman Shum and our team of New York child custody lawyers may be able to help gather evidence, build a strong case, and advocate for your interests in court. We can represent you during negotiations and hearings, skillfully presenting arguments and ensuring that your concerns and desires are properly addressed.

Contact The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/what-is-the-meaning-of-full-custody-in-new-york-city/

Divorce Advice for Men

Divorce is a profoundly transformative process that can change anyone, regardless of gender. However, it’s crucial to recognize that men often face unique challenges during divorce, from emotional struggles to financial complexities and child custody concerns. At The Law Office of Richard Shum, we understand that every divorce is unique, and we are here to provide skilled legal support tailored to your specific needs.

If you’re a man going through a divorce in Manhattan, know that you don’t have to face this journey alone. Our experienced Manhattan divorce lawyers at The Law Office of Richard Shum can assist you in navigating the complexities of divorce. We can help provide information to protect your interests such as what can be used against you in a divorce and avoid potential pitfalls while taking into consideration fairness and equity for all parties involved. Our goal is to provide the legal guidance, support, and representation needed to achieve a smooth transition into the next chapter of your life.

Reach out to us today by calling (646) 259-3416 or filling out our online form for a confidential consultation, and let us be your trusted advocate in this process. Together, we can work towards a resolution that prioritizes your rights, the well-being of your children, and your overall peace of mind.

Unique Challenges of Men Going Through a Divorce

Men undergoing divorce often encounter unique challenges that can be influenced by societal gender biases. While it’s essential to note that every divorce is unique, and not all men will experience the same difficulties, there are some common challenges that divorced men may face, along with the potential effects of gender bias:

Emotional Stigma: Men may feel societal pressure to hide or downplay their emotions during divorce. Gender biases can discourage men from seeking emotional support, which may lead to increased stress and mental health challenges.
Child Custody Battles: Gender biases may perpetuate the assumption that women are inherently better caregivers. As a result, men may face difficulties in securing equal custody or visitation rights, even when they are well-equipped to provide loving and stable homes for their children.
Financial Obligations: Some men may struggle with the perception that they are primarily responsible for financial support, including alimony and child support. Gender biases can contribute to unfair expectations or judgments regarding their financial contributions.
Support Networks: Men may have fewer emotional support networks compared to women, as they may be less likely to share their feelings or seek help from friends and family. Gender biases that discourage men from seeking support can exacerbate feelings of isolation.
Legal Rights: In some cases, men may perceive that the legal system is biased against them, particularly in matters of child custody and spousal support. This perception can lead to distrust of the legal process.

These challenges are not inherent to men but can be influenced by societal norms and biases. Divorce should be approached with a focus on fairness and equity for all parties, irrespective of gender. Seeking legal advice from experienced divorce attorneys who understand these challenges can help men navigate the process effectively and ensure that their rights and interests are protected. Additionally, challenging gender biases and promoting open dialogue about men’s experiences during divorce can contribute to a more equitable and compassionate divorce process for everyone involved.

Challenges Faced by Men in Divorce	Potential Effects of Gender Bias
Emotional Stigma	Men may feel societal pressure to hide or downplay their emotions during divorce. This can lead to increased stress and mental health challenges.
Child Custody Battles	Gender biases may perpetuate the assumption that women are inherently better caregivers. Men may face difficulties in securing equal custody or visitation rights.
Financial Obligations	Some men may struggle with the perception that they are primarily responsible for financial support, including alimony and child support. This can lead to unfair expectations or judgments.
Support Networks	Men may have fewer emotional support networks compared to women, as they may be less likely to share their feelings or seek help from friends and family. Gender biases can exacerbate feelings of isolation.
Legal Rights	In some cases, men may perceive that the legal system is biased against them, particularly in matters of child custody and spousal support. This perception can lead to distrust of the legal process.

Preparing for Divorce

Getting ready for divorce involves several critical steps. Before initiating divorce proceedings in Manhattan, it’s crucial to have a solid understanding of the divorce laws specific to the area. New York divorce laws can be complex, and knowing the legal framework will help you navigate the process more effectively. Some key points to consider include:

Residency Requirements: Familiarize yourself with the residency requirements for filing for divorce in New York. Generally, you or your spouse must have lived in the state for a certain period, typically one year, to file.
Grounds for Divorce: New York allows both no-fault and fault-based divorce. Understand the different grounds for divorce, including irretrievable breakdown of the marriage (no-fault) and fault-based grounds like cruelty or abandonment.

In addition, New York follows the principle of equitable distribution, which means marital property is divided fairly, though not necessarily equally. Understand how property division works and what assets may be considered marital or separate property.

Familiarize Yourself with Your Rights and Responsibilities

Understanding your rights and responsibilities during divorce is essential. This includes knowing your entitlements, obligations, and potential consequences. Key aspects to consider include being aware of your rights and responsibilities regarding child custody, knowing your potential financial obligations, including child support and alimony (spousal support), and familiarizing yourself with the factors that impact the determination of support payments.

Tackling these factors with a clear mindset becomes easier when you have a fair inkling of what they entail. Having at least a background of these points can help you be more aware of your options. Consulting a skilled attorney can also assist you in becoming more knowledgeable about your rights and responsibilities as a party in a divorce.

Gather Financial Documentation

To prepare for divorce proceedings, it’s essential to gather all relevant financial records and documents. This includes:

Income Documentation: Collect records of your and your spouse’s income, including pay stubs, tax returns, and W-2 forms.
Bank and Investment Statements: Obtain statements from bank accounts, investment accounts, retirement accounts, and any other financial assets.
Real Estate Documents: Gather documents related to real estate, such as deeds, mortgage statements, and property appraisals.
Debt Records: Compile information about outstanding debts, including credit card statements, loans, and mortgages.

Create a comprehensive inventory of all marital assets and debts. This inventory should include detailed information about each asset’s value, location, and any associated debts. Having a clear picture of your financial situation will be invaluable during property division negotiations and legal proceedings.

Find a Reputable Manhattan Divorce Lawyer

Selecting the right divorce attorney is a critical step in preparing for divorce. Consider the following when searching for a reputable Manhattan divorce lawyer:

Experience: Look for an attorney with substantial experience in divorce and family law cases, particularly in Manhattan.
Specialization: Choose an attorney who specializes in divorce and family law, as they will have a deep understanding of divorce-related issues.
Reputation: Research and read reviews to find an attorney with a positive reputation and a track record of success.
Initial Consultation: Schedule an initial consultation to discuss your case and gauge whether the attorney is a good fit for your needs.

Before proceeding with divorce, it is also crucial to establish clear goals and priorities. Consider what matters most to you, such as:

Child Custody: Determine your preferred custody arrangements and consider the best interests of your children.
Property Division: Define your objectives for property and asset division, including what assets are most important to you.
Financial Matters: Decide how you want to approach financial matters like spousal support and child support.

Having well-defined goals will help you and your attorney work toward achieving the best possible outcome in your divorce proceedings. Consider discussing your goals with your attorney to develop a strategic plan for your case.

Protecting Your Interests

During a divorce, it’s essential to protect your interests in various aspects of the process. Here are key steps to safeguard your rights and financial well-being:

Safeguarding Your Finances

One of the first financial steps you should take when considering divorce is to open a separate bank account in your name only. This account will serve as a safe place for your income and allow you to maintain control over your finances.

The separate account helps ensure that your income is not mingled with your spouse’s funds, which can be important when it comes to determining support payments and dividing assets. Having your own account also provides you with financial independence and ensures you have access to funds to cover your immediate needs.

Monitor Joint Financial Accounts and Credit

Continuing to monitor joint financial accounts and your credit is essential throughout the divorce process. Keep a close eye on joint bank accounts, credit card statements, and any shared financial responsibilities. Be vigilant for any unusual or unauthorized transactions.

If you and your spouse share a credit card, it may also be crucial to obtain and review your credit report regularly to ensure there are no unexpected changes or inaccuracies that could affect your credit score. By staying informed and proactive, you can avoid being caught unawares by financial challenges and protect your interests during the divorce.

Be Aware of the Different Types of Custody Arrangements

In New York, several custody arrangements can be considered during divorce proceedings. Understanding these arrangements is crucial:

Sole Custody: In this arrangement, one parent has sole physical and legal custody of the child, while the other parent may have visitation rights.
Joint Custody: Joint custody typically involves shared legal custody, where both parents make decisions about the child’s upbringing, even if physical custody is not equal.
Shared Custody: Shared custody arrangements aim to provide the child with substantial time with both parents, often on an equal or near-equal basis.

It is beneficial to consider the type of custody arrangement that best fits your family’s circumstances and causes the least negative impact on your children. Considering this aspect of your divorce allows you to plan ahead.

In all child custody matters, the best interests of the children are the primary consideration. Factors considered include the child’s relationship with each parent, their emotional and physical well-being, and their stability in school and community. Focus on what is best for your children and work towards arrangements that support their needs, even if it means compromising on certain issues.

Navigating Spousal Support

New York has specific laws regarding spousal support (alimony). It’s crucial to understand these laws, including factors that may influence the amount and duration of alimony payments. Know the criteria for spousal support eligibility, including income disparities and financial needs.

It would also help to be aware of how alimony payments are calculated, as this can vary based on your unique circumstances.

Depending on your financial situation, you may be required to pay alimony to your spouse. Being prepared means anticipating the financial impact alimony payments on your post-divorce budget can have and seeking legal advice to fully understand your obligations and explore potential negotiation strategies.

Managing Emotional Well-being

Divorce can be emotionally challenging, so it’s essential to seek support from friends and family who can provide a listening ear and emotional encouragement during this time. Don’t hesitate to share your feelings and concerns with trusted individuals who can offer empathy and understanding.

If you find that the emotional toll of divorce is overwhelming, consider seeking professional therapy or counseling services. Therapy can provide you with coping strategies and emotional tools to navigate this difficult period.

Explore options for individual or family therapy to address emotional and relationship challenges arising from divorce. Seeking counseling may also be beneficial for your children if they are struggling to cope with the divorce. Remember, their emotional well-being is paramount.

By prioritizing your emotional well-being and seeking support when necessary, you can better navigate the emotional aspects of divorce and protect your overall interests during this challenging time.

During the Divorce Process

The divorce process can be emotionally challenging and legally complex. To navigate it effectively, consider the following strategies and steps:

Maintain Open and Respectful Communication with Your Spouse

Effective communication with your spouse is key during divorce proceedings. Keep conversations respectful and civil, focusing on the issues at hand rather than personal attacks. When possible, work together to find mutually agreeable solutions, especially in matters related to property division, child custody, and support.

Use Mediation or Negotiation When Possible

In many cases, using mediation or negotiation to settle matters of child custody and support, alimony, and property division can be more amicable and cost-effective alternatives to litigation. Mediation and negotiation aim to minimize conflicts and encourage compromise, which can lead to more satisfactory outcomes. These methods can often lead to quicker resolutions compared to court litigation. Lastly, you have more control over the outcome of your divorce when you actively participate in mediation or negotiation.

Listen to Your Attorney’s Guidance

Your divorce attorney is your advocate and legal expert. It’s essential to heed their advice and guidance throughout the process. Trust in your attorney’s knowledge of New York divorce laws and procedures. Make sure to provide your attorney with all necessary documents and information to support your case as this can help them make a comprehensive strategy that benefits your situation. Working closely with your attorney and being hands-on about the divorce proecss can help you make informed decisions regarding your divorce.

Managing Stress and Self-Care

Divorce can be a highly stressful experience. Implement self-care strategies to manage stress effectively. Studies have shown that going through a divorce often go through identity crises and turn to self-medicating with alcohol and drugs as a way to cope. Prioritize proper nutrition, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep to support your physical and emotional well-being.

It is also common for men in high-stress situations to develop serious physical and mental health problems such as depression, high blood pressure, weight fluctuations, insomnia, fatigue, and anxiety. Sticking to a daily routine as much as possible to provide stability and structure during a period of change. Explore ways to reduce stress and, if you find yourself struggling to cope, consider seeking the assistance of a therapist or counselor to address emotional and mental health challenges.

By implementing effective communication, following legal advice, prioritizing your children’s well-being, and practicing self-care, you can navigate the divorce process in accordance with New York divorce laws while minimizing the emotional and legal challenges that may arise.

Post-Divorce Transition

After the divorce is finalized, it’s time to focus on moving forward and building a new chapter in your life. Here are important considerations during the post-divorce transition:

Embrace the Opportunity for a Fresh Start

While divorce can be challenging, it also offers an opportunity for a fresh start and personal growth. Approach your new life as a chance for personal development and new experiences. Take the time to rediscover yourself, your interests, and your passions outside of the marriage.

Set New Goals and Aspirations for Yourself

As you transition into a new phase of your life, consider setting meaningful goals and aspirations. Establish achievable short-term goals that you can work towards immediately, such as improving your health or acquiring new skills. Think about your long-term aspirations, including career ambitions and personal achievements. Last but not least, align your financial goals with your new financial situation, ensuring that you’re on track for financial stability and success.

Reevaluate Your Financial Situation

Post-divorce, it’s essential to reassess your financial circumstances. For couples accustomed to having two incomes in their household, transitioning to only having a single income, especially with children, may be difficult.

Create a detailed budget that reflects your current income and expenses. This will help you understand your financial position and identify areas where adjustments may be necessary. Most importantly, if you have acquired debt during the divorce process, develop a strategy for managing and reducing it over time.

Create a Budget and Savings Plan

A well-planned budget and savings strategy can provide financial security. Consider developing a realistic budget that includes necessary expenses, savings, and discretionary spending. Stick to this budget to ensure financial stability. It can also be beneficial to build an emergency fund to cover unexpected expenses and emergencies, providing peace of mind.

Reevaluate your retirement savings plan to ensure you’re on track to meet your long-term financial goals.

Maintain a Positive Co-Parenting Relationship

Successful co-parenting is crucial for the well-being of your children. Continue to communicate openly and respectfully with your co-parent about matters related to your children. Being consistent in parenting styles and routines between households allows you to foster stability for your children. Address any conflicts or disagreements amicably and consider seeking mediation if necessary.

Keep the Best Interests of Your Children in Mind

Make decisions and choices that focus on what is best for your children’s physical, emotional, and psychological well-being. Be willing to adjust custody and visitation arrangements as your children’s needs and preferences change over time.

Fulfill Your Legal Obligations

If your divorce decree includes obligations such as alimony or child support, it’s essential to fulfill them as required by law. Make payments on time and in the specified manner outlined in the divorce decree. Maintain open communication with your co-parent regarding financial matters and payments.

Know the Process for Seeking Modifications

Knowing the process for seeking modifications to court orders related to child custody, support, and alimony is essential for divorced men to adapt to changing circumstances. It allows them to protect their financial well-being, ensure the best interests of their children, and maintain legal compliance. Understanding this process provides peace of mind and ensures that court orders remain fair and equitable over time, allowing divorced men to navigate post-divorce life effectively.

Understanding your legal obligations and the process for seeking modifications if circumstances change will help you navigate post-divorce life while adhering to New York divorce laws and ensuring the best interests of your children are maintained.

Working with a Skilled Manhattan Divorce Lawyer From The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum

In divorce, men, like women, face a range of challenges, from emotional stress to complex legal matters. At The Law Office of Richard Shum, we believe in providing equal support and guidance to all individuals going through this difficult process. Our skilled Manhattan divorce lawyers are here to help you navigate the unique impact of divorce.

If you’re a man going through a divorce in Manhattan, remember that you have the right to compassionate and effective legal representation. Our dedicated team at The Law Office of Richard Shum is ready to assist you in every aspect of your divorce, from child custody matters to financial negotiations. We understand the challenges you may be facing, and our goal is to provide you with the support and expertise you need to achieve a fair resolution. Contact us today by calling (646) 259-3416, and let us help you transition smoothly into the next chapter of your life. Together, we can work towards a divorce process that upholds your rights, prioritizes your well-being, and ensures a just outcome for all parties involved.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/divorce-advice-for-men/

Who is the Plaintiff in a Divorce?

Navigating the complex waters of divorce proceedings can often feel overwhelming, especially when faced with legal jargon that may seem foreign. One such term, “plaintiff,” carries significant weight in divorce proceedings. But who exactly is the plaintiff in a divorce? In the simplest terms, the plaintiff refers to the spouse who initiates the divorce process or files the divorce papers. However, this role entails more than just setting the ball rolling; it involves responsibilities and steps that can influence the entire course of the divorce.

Understanding the role and responsibilities of the plaintiff is crucial to managing divorce proceedings effectively. If you’re considering filing for divorce in New York and would like to understand more about the role of the plaintiff, you should consult with an experienced divorce lawyer. At the Law Office Of Richard Roman Shum, our team of Manhattan divorce lawyers may be able to provide guidance tailored to your unique situation, ensuring you’re well-equipped to navigate the divorce process and make informed decisions. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to discuss your case and learn more about your rights and responsibilities as a potential plaintiff in a divorce.

Legal Definition of the Plaintiff in New York Divorce

When a marriage dissolves and partners part ways, typically, one spouse takes the lead in instigating the divorce proceedings. This spouse is referred to as the plaintiff in the divorce context, given their role in filing the divorce papers and initially presenting the case in court. Because of their initiating role, they are sometimes also called the “petitioner”. Conversely, the other spouse, who receives the divorce papers from the plaintiff, is designated as the defendant. They are required to sign these papers, leading to their alternate label as the “respondent”.

Divorce Eligibility and Requirements

Being the plaintiff in a divorce case isn’t merely about deciding to end the marriage. There are specific legal requirements that must be met.

Residency Requirements for the Plaintiff

One of the primary eligibility criteria to file for divorce in New York is residency. The plaintiff must meet certain residency requirements. According to the New York Domestic Relations Law, at least one of the following conditions must be met:

The couple was married in New York, and either spouse has been a resident of the state for a continuous period of one year prior to filing.
The couple lived as husband and wife in New York, and either spouse has been a resident of the state for a continuous period of one year prior to filing.
The grounds for divorce occurred in New York, and either spouse has been a resident of the state for a continuous period of one year prior to filing.
The grounds for divorce occurred in New York, and both spouses are residents of the state at the time of filing.
Either spouse has been a resident of the state for a continuous period of two years prior to filing.

If any of these conditions are met, the plaintiff is eligible to file for divorce in New York.

Grounds for Divorce in New York

Grounds for divorce are the legally recognized reasons for which a divorce may be granted. In New York, the plaintiff may file for divorce under fault or no-fault grounds.

No-fault divorce, which became legal in New York in 2010, allows a spouse to petition for divorce if the marriage has been irretrievably broken for at least six months. This ground is typically used when both spouses agree to end the marriage and can be the least confrontational option.

Fault grounds, on the other hand, require the plaintiff to prove specific wrongdoing by the other spouse. These can include:

Cruel and inhuman treatment
Abandonment for a continuous period of one year or more
Imprisonment for more than three years subsequent to the marriage
Adultery
Living apart pursuant to a decree or judgment of separation for a period of one or more years

Choosing the grounds for divorce is a critical decision as it can influence the course of the divorce proceedings and potentially affect the outcome on matters such as custody, support, and property division.

Process of Filing for Divorce

The process of filing for divorce as the plaintiff begins with the preparation of the necessary legal documents. These typically include the Summons with Notice or the Summons and Complaint.

Summons with Notice: This document provides the defendant with general notice that a divorce action has been initiated. It does not contain detailed information about the plaintiff’s claims or demands but does state the grounds for divorce and any ancillary relief sought (e.g., child custody, spousal support, etc.)
Summons and Complaint: This document is more detailed than the Summons with Notice. It includes specific allegations and the relief sought by the plaintiff, providing the defendant with a full understanding of the claims brought against them.

These documents must be carefully prepared, ensuring that all necessary information is included and presented accurately. Failure to do so can result in unnecessary delays or legal complications down the line.

Filing the Documents with the Court

Once the documents have been prepared, they need to be filed with the county clerk in the plaintiff’s county of residence. This process involves submitting the original documents along with any required copies and paying the requisite filing fees.

Upon filing, the county clerk provides the plaintiff with an index number. This number is unique to the case and is used to track its progress through the court system. It’s important for the plaintiff to keep a record of this number and to include it on all subsequent documents related to the case.

Serving the Divorce Papers

After the documents have been filed and the index number obtained, the next step is to serve the divorce papers on the defendant. This process, known as service of process, is critical to ensuring that the defendant is formally notified of the divorce proceedings and given an opportunity to respond.

In New York, the divorce papers must be served by someone who is not a party to the case and is at least 18 years old. This could be a professional process server, sheriff, or even a friend or relative. The service must be done personally, meaning that the papers are handed directly to the defendant.

There are strict rules governing service of process, including timeframes within which the service must be completed and the manner in which proof of service is provided to the court. Failure to properly serve the divorce papers can result in the dismissal of the case.

Waiting for the Defendant’s Response

Once the defendant has been served, they have a specific period (usually 20 or 30 days, depending on the method of service) to respond to the divorce papers. This response may involve agreeing to the divorce, contesting it, or submitting a counterclaim.

During this period, the plaintiff must wait for the defendant’s response before proceeding further with the divorce. If the defendant does not respond within the specified timeframe, the plaintiff may be able to move forward with the divorce on a default basis, meaning that the divorce may be granted without the defendant’s participation.

Filing for divorce as the plaintiff involves several key steps: preparing the necessary documents, filing them with the court, serving them on the defendant, and waiting for the defendant’s response. Each of these steps is crucial to the progression of the divorce proceedings and requires careful attention to detail and an understanding of the relevant legal rules and procedures.

Responsibilities During the Divorce Proceedings

The role of the plaintiff in a divorce case is not just limited to initiating the process. As the plaintiff, you have several responsibilities throughout the divorce proceedings that can profoundly impact the outcome of the case. These responsibilities span across legal and financial obligations, cooperating with the court, maintaining open and honest communication with your attorney, and attending court hearings.

Legal and Financial Obligations

As the plaintiff, you have an array of legal and financial obligations to meet. You’re required to provide accurate and complete information about your finances, including income, assets, debts, and expenses. This information forms the basis for various decisions, including the division of property, child support, and alimony. Misrepresentation or omission of financial details can lead to penalties and may adversely affect your case.

You’re also legally obligated to follow court orders, such as temporary custody orders or restraining orders, regardless of your personal feelings or disagreements. Failure to abide by these orders can result in legal consequences and damage your standing in the court’s eyes.

Cooperation with the Court

Cooperating with the court is another crucial responsibility. This involves complying with all court rules and protocols, providing requested documents in a timely manner, and responding promptly to court correspondence.

You may also be required to participate in mandatory mediation or counseling sessions as ordered by the court. These sessions aim to facilitate amicable resolution on contentious issues such as child custody or property division. Your willingness to cooperate in these sessions demonstrates to the court your commitment to the process and can work in your favor.

Attorney Communication

Maintaining transparent and regular communication with your attorney is crucial. As the plaintiff, it is your responsibility to keep your attorney informed about all relevant facts and developments. This includes changes in your financial situation, personal life, or any other significant events that could impact your case.

Being open and honest with your attorney allows them to represent you effectively and strategize appropriately. Remember, your attorney is bound by attorney-client privilege, which means they cannot disclose your confidential information without your consent.

Additionally, it’s important to be responsive to your attorney’s requests for information and to follow their advice. They have the legal expertise to guide you through the process and their advice is typically based on what is in your best interest.

Attending Court Hearings

Finally, attending all court hearings and meetings is a critical responsibility. Your presence is often required at various stages of the divorce process, such as temporary hearings, pre-trial conferences, mediation sessions, and the final trial.

Your attendance not only demonstrates your commitment to the process but also gives you the chance to have your voice heard. Missing these hearings can delay the proceedings, and repeated absences can potentially lead the court to make decisions in your absence.

Responsibilities During Divorce Proceedings	Description
Legal and Financial Obligations	Provide accurate financial information (income, assets, debts, expenses) for decisions on property division, child support, and alimony. Follow court orders, including temporary custody or restraining orders.
Cooperation with the Court	Comply with court rules and protocols. Provide requested documents promptly. Respond to court correspondence. Participate in mediation or counseling sessions as ordered.
Attorney Communication	Maintain open and honest communication with your attorney. Keep them informed about relevant facts and developments. Be responsive to their requests for information and follow their advice.
Attending Court Hearings	Attend all required court hearings and meetings, including temporary hearings, pre-trial conferences, mediation sessions, and the final trial.

Challenges and Considerations for the Plaintiff

Filing for divorce and navigating the subsequent proceedings can be fraught with challenges, both emotionally and legally. As the plaintiff, you must be prepared to handle these challenges and make critical decisions that can greatly impact your future.

Dealing with Contested Divorce

When the defendant contests the divorce, the proceedings can become more complex and potentially contentious. This may involve disputes over the grounds for divorce, disagreements over child custody or support, or conflicts over the division of marital property. As the plaintiff, you may need to gather evidence to support your case, work closely with your attorney to develop a legal strategy, and potentially prepare for a trial.

Child Custody and Support

If you and your spouse have children, matters of child custody and support can be among the most challenging aspects of the divorce process. As the plaintiff, you will need to consider the best interests of your children when making decisions about custody and visitation. You may also need to navigate the complexities of child support, which involves determining a fair and equitable amount of support based on the child’s needs and the parents’ financial resources.

Division of Assets and Debts

One of the key issues in many divorces is the division of marital assets and debts. This process can be complex, particularly in cases where the couple has significant assets or debts, or where there is a dispute about what constitutes marital property. As the plaintiff, you will need to provide a complete and accurate accounting of your assets and debts, and be prepared for negotiation or potentially litigation over these matters.

Spousal Support (Alimony)

Depending on the circumstances of your divorce, you may need to consider the issue of spousal support, also known as alimony. If you are seeking support, you will need to provide evidence of your financial needs and your spouse’s ability to pay. If your spouse is seeking support, you may need to provide information about your income and assets, and potentially challenge the amount of support requested.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being the Plaintiff

When initiating a divorce, one must carefully consider the potential advantages and disadvantages. As the plaintiff, you set the course of the divorce but also shoulder certain responsibilities and challenges. Understanding these pros and cons can help you make informed decisions about your divorce proceedings.

Advantages of Initiating the Divorce

Control Over Timing: As the plaintiff, you control the timing of the divorce filing. This allows you to prepare both emotionally and financially before the proceedings begin.
Choice of Jurisdiction: If you and your spouse live in different jurisdictions, filing first may allow you to choose the jurisdiction, which can impact various aspects of the divorce, such as property division and child custody.
Preparation Advantage: Filing first gives you the opportunity to gather all necessary financial documents, secure legal representation, and prepare your case thoroughly before your spouse has a chance to respond.
Emotional Readiness: Initiating the divorce can provide a sense of control and readiness, which can be beneficial from an emotional standpoint.

Drawbacks to Being the Plaintiff

Filing Costs: As the plaintiff, you’re responsible for the filing fees associated with initiating the divorce proceedings.
Potential for Increased Conflict: If your spouse is unaware or not ready for the divorce, your filing could increase tension and conflict, which may make the proceedings more challenging.
Disclosure of Financial Information: You’ll be required to disclose all your financial information when you file, which might give your spouse a chance to hide assets if they are so inclined.
Emotional Consequences: Initiating the divorce can sometimes lead to feelings of guilt or increased emotional distress.

While being the plaintiff in a divorce case comes with certain advantages, it also has potential drawbacks. The decision to become the plaintiff should be based on your specific circumstances, and it’s advisable to consult with a legal professional before proceeding. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages can help you navigate the divorce proceedings more effectively and make choices that are in your best interest.

Getting the Legal Help of an Experienced New York Divorce Lawyer

In the field of divorce law, having a knowledgeable Manhattan divorce lawyer at your side can be beneficial. Whether you are the plaintiff or the defendant, understanding the specifics of your case, the legal jargon, and the demands of the court can be a complicated task. A competent divorce lawyer can break down these complexities, aiding you in making informed decisions that safeguard your interests.

Going through a divorce necessitates support that goes beyond legal counsel. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our team of experienced Manhattan divorce lawyers may be able to provide this support, working towards the most advantageous outcome for you. There is no requirement to tackle this situation alone. Our team can help you traverse this challenging path with assurance and tranquility. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/who-is-the-plaintiff-in-a-divorce-in-new-york/

How Does Separate Property Become Marital Property in New York

When couples get married, they often bring their own individual assets and properties into the union. In New York, the concept of separate and marital property plays a crucial role in the division of assets during a divorce. Understanding how separate property can transform into marital property is essential for anyone navigating the complex realm of divorce law in this state. This article delves into the factors that contribute to the transformation of separate property into marital property in New York, shedding light on the legal principles that govern asset division in divorce cases.

Navigating the intricacies of property division during a divorce in New York can be complex and frustrating. This is where seeking the help of a knowledgeable and experienced New York divorce attorney is essential. At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Manhattan divorce lawyer Richard Roman Shum can guide you through the legal process, providing experienced advice and representation to ensure your rights are protected and your interests are well-represented. From identifying and classifying separate and marital property to assessing the factors that contribute to the transformation of separate property, our team will help you navigate the complexities of asset division, striving to achieve a fair and equitable outcome for their clients. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

Separate and Marital Property in New York

When considering property division in a divorce, it’s essential to understand the difference between separate and marital property under New York law. This distinction plays a crucial role in determining how assets are distributed during the dissolution of a marriage.

Definition of Separate Property

Separate property refers to assets that one spouse owned before entering the marriage or acquired during the marriage through inheritance, gift from a third party, or personal injury compensation. Additionally, property purchased with separate funds or exchanged for separate property will retain its separate property status, provided that it has been adequately traced and documented. It’s important to note that separate property remains the sole possession of the owning spouse and is generally not subject to division during a divorce.

Definition of Marital Property

Marital property, on the other hand, includes all assets acquired by either spouse during the marriage, regardless of whose name is on the title. This can encompass various types of property such as real estate, bank accounts, investments, retirement accounts, and business interests. New York follows the equitable distribution principle, which means that marital property is divided fairly, though not necessarily equally, between the spouses based on various factors and circumstances.

Importance of Distinguishing Between Separate and Marital Property

Distinguishing between separate and marital property is crucial for several reasons. First, it helps to ensure that each spouse receives a fair share of the marital assets upon the dissolution of the marriage. Additionally, it can protect the separate property of one spouse from being distributed to the other in a divorce. This distinction is particularly important in cases where one spouse has significantly more separate property than the other or when one spouse has received a substantial inheritance or gift.

It’s also essential to note that separate property can become marital property under certain circumstances, such as when it is commingled with marital assets or used to benefit both spouses during the marriage. For example, if separate funds are used to pay off a mortgage on a marital home, the separate property may become marital property. Similarly, if a separate property appreciates in value due to the efforts or contributions of the other spouse, that appreciation may be considered marital property.

Legal Framework for Property Classification in New York

The legal framework for property classification in New York is governed by the state’s domestic relations law, specifically the concept of equitable distribution. Additionally, prenuptial and postnuptial agreements play a significant role in determining property rights in a marriage. In this section, we will explore the key aspects of New York’s equitable distribution law and the function of prenuptial and postnuptial agreements in property classification.

New York’s Equitable Distribution Law

New York’s Equitable Distribution Law governs the division of marital assets during a divorce. Established to ensure fairness, the law aims for a just distribution of property between spouses. Contrary to equal distribution, equitable distribution considers various circumstances to achieve an equitable, or fair, outcome. Courts take a holistic approach, examining the marriage’s duration, each spouse’s financial situation, and their future needs. Importantly, the law differentiates between separate and marital property, with only marital property subject to distribution. Ultimately, this legal framework strives to fairly divide assets, promoting a balanced resolution for both parties during the divorce process.

Factors Contributing to the Transformation of Separate Property

In some cases, separate property can transform into marital property during the course of a marriage. This transformation typically occurs due to commingling of assets, transmutation through title change, or the appreciation of separate property during the marriage. Understanding these factors can help couples protect their separate property and ensure a fair division of assets in the event of a divorce.

Commingling of Assets

Commingling occurs when separate property becomes mixed or combined with marital property in such a way that it becomes difficult or impossible to distinguish between the two. When commingling takes place, the previously separate property may lose its separate character and become part of the marital estate, subject to division in a divorce.

Examples of commingling include depositing separate funds into a joint bank account, using separate property to pay for marital expenses, or using marital assets to improve or maintain separate property. To prevent separate property from becoming commingled, it is essential to maintain clear records and keep separate assets in distinct accounts or separate titles.

Transmutation Through Title Change

Transmutation occurs when separate property is intentionally converted into marital property through a change in title or ownership. This can happen when one spouse transfers a separately owned asset, such as real estate or a vehicle, into joint ownership with the other spouse. The act of transferring title can be viewed as a gift to the marriage, thereby converting the separate property into marital property.

To avoid unintentional transmutation, spouses should be cautious when making changes to the title or ownership of their separate property. It is also essential to maintain proper documentation to prove the original separate property status, should it be necessary in the event of a divorce.

Appreciation of Separate Property During Marriage

Appreciation refers to the increase in value of an asset over time. While the appreciation of separate property during a marriage is generally considered separate property, it can become marital property under specific circumstances. If the appreciation is due to the active efforts, contributions, or investments of the non-owner spouse or marital funds, it may be deemed marital property and subject to division in a divorce.

For example, if one spouse owns a business before marriage and the business appreciates in value during the marriage due to the active involvement of the other spouse, the appreciation may be considered marital property. Similarly, if separate property real estate appreciates due to improvements or maintenance funded by marital assets, that appreciation may be deemed marital property.

To safeguard the separate nature of appreciated property, it is crucial to maintain clear records and documentation, such as receipts and invoices, to demonstrate the source of funds used for improvements and the contributions of each spouse.

Protecting Separate Property from Becoming Marital Property

Preserving separate property from becoming marital property is crucial to ensure a fair division of assets in the event of a divorce. By understanding the methods to protect separate property, spouses can establish clear boundaries and prevent potential disputes. This section will discuss the importance of maintaining separate bank accounts, documenting gifts and inheritances, and using prenuptial and postnuptial agreements as tools to safeguard separate property.

Maintaining Separate Bank Accounts

One of the most effective ways to protect separate property is to maintain separate bank accounts for each spouse. Doing so helps prevent commingling of assets, which occurs when separate and marital property become mixed or combined in such a way that it is difficult or impossible to distinguish between the two. Commingling can unintentionally convert separate property into marital property, making it subject to division in a divorce.

To prevent commingling, spouses should ensure that any separate funds, such as income from separate property or inheritances, are deposited into their respective separate accounts. Additionally, separate property should not be used to pay for marital expenses, as this can also lead to commingling. By keeping separate bank accounts and avoiding the use of separate funds for marital purposes, spouses can maintain clear boundaries between separate and marital property.

Documenting Gifts and Inheritances

Gifts and inheritances received during the marriage are generally considered separate property, as long as they are given solely to one spouse. However, it is essential to document these assets properly to maintain their separate property status and prevent any disputes in the event of a divorce.

Proper documentation should include a clear paper trail that demonstrates the separate nature of the asset. For example, when receiving an inheritance, the recipient spouse should retain a copy of the will, trust documents, or any other relevant paperwork that explicitly states the request is intended for them alone. Similarly, when receiving a gift from a third party, the recipient spouse should obtain a written statement from the giver confirming that the gift was intended solely for them.

By maintaining thorough documentation, spouses can establish a clear chain of ownership and protect their separate property rights in gifts and inheritances.

Using Prenuptial and Postnuptial Agreements

Prenuptial and postnuptial agreements are legally binding contracts between spouses that outline the distribution of property in the event of a divorce. These agreements can be particularly useful in clarifying property rights and protecting separate property from becoming marital property.

A prenuptial agreement, also known as a premarital agreement, is entered into before marriage. It commonly addresses issues such as how assets and liabilities will be divided, spousal support, and the rights of each spouse in the event of death. By determining these matters in advance, couples can avoid potential disputes and ensure the protection of their separate property.

A postnuptial agreement is similar to a prenuptial agreement but is entered into after the marriage has taken place. Couples may choose to create a postnuptial agreement to address changes in their financial situation or to clarify property rights that were not previously defined. Like prenuptial agreements, postnuptial agreements can help protect separate property and establish guidelines for the division of assets in the event of a divorce.

Both prenuptial and postnuptial agreements must meet specific legal requirements to be considered valid and enforceable in New York. Some of these requirements include:

The agreement must be in writing and signed by both parties.
The agreement must be acknowledged by a notary public.
The agreement must not be unconscionable or grossly unfair.
The agreement must be entered into voluntarily and without coercion.

By understanding the principles of equitable distribution and the role of these agreements, couples can better manage their property rights and ensure a fair division of assets in the event of a divorce. Consulting with an experienced divorce lawyer can provide valuable guidance in navigating the complexities of property classification and division in New York.

Methods to Protect Separate Property From Becoming Marital Property	Description	Benefits
Maintaining Separate Bank Accounts	Keeping separate bank accounts for each spouse to prevent commingling of assets and maintain clear boundaries.	Prevents conversion of separate property into marital property, ensuring fair asset division.
Documenting Gifts and Inheritances	Properly documenting gifts and inheritances to establish ownership and maintain separate property status.	Protects separate property rights, reduces the risk of disputes during divorce.
Using Prenuptial and Postnuptial Agreements	Entering legally binding contracts to outline property distribution, clarify rights, and protect separate property.	Establishes guidelines, prevents disputes, ensures fair asset division.

Dividing Marital Property in a New York Divorce

The division of marital property in a New York divorce is governed by the principle of equitable distribution. This process entails determining the value of marital property, considering various factors for equitable distribution, and negotiating a property settlement agreement. Understanding these steps can help spouses navigate a fair division of assets during their divorce.

Determining the Value of Marital Property

The first step in dividing marital property is to determine the value of all assets acquired during the marriage. This process typically begins with an inventory of all marital assets, including real estate, vehicles, bank accounts, retirement accounts, investments, and personal property. Debts incurred during the marriage, such as mortgages, loans, and credit card balances, must also be assessed as they factor into the overall distribution.

To establish the value of each asset, spouses may need to obtain professional appraisals or valuations. Real estate and personal property, such as artwork or collectibles, may require appraisals from certified experts. The valuation of retirement accounts, pensions, and investments may necessitate the assistance of a financial professional or actuary.

By accurately determining the value of all marital property and debts, spouses can ensure a comprehensive assessment of their financial situation, which is essential for a fair division of assets.

Equitable Distribution Factors

New York follows the principle of equitable distribution, meaning that marital property is distributed fairly between the parties, though not necessarily equally. The court considers various factors to determine an equitable distribution, including:

The duration of the marriage
The age and health of both spouses
The income, earning capacity, and financial resources of each spouse
The contributions of each spouse to the acquisition, preservation, or appreciation of marital property
The loss of inheritance and pension rights due to the divorce
The needs of the custodial parent for the marital residence or other assets
The tax consequences of the property distribution
Any other factor the court deems relevant

Separate property, which includes assets owned before the marriage and those acquired during the marriage through inheritance, gifts from third parties, or personal injury compensation, is not subject to division under equitable distribution. However, separate property can become marital property under certain circumstances, such as commingling or transmutation.

Negotiating a Property Settlement Agreement

Once the value of marital property has been determined and equitable distribution factors have been considered, spouses can negotiate a property settlement agreement. This agreement outlines the division of assets and debts, as well as any other financial matters related to the divorce, such as spousal support and child support.

Negotiating a property settlement agreement can be a complex and contentious process, as both parties may have different perspectives on what constitutes a fair division of assets. In some cases, spouses may be able to reach an agreement through informal negotiations or alternative dispute resolution methods, such as mediation or collaborative divorce. If an agreement cannot be reached, the court will ultimately decide the division of marital property based on the equitable distribution factors.

Working with an Experienced Manhattan Divorce Attorney

In New York, the transformation of separate property into marital property is a crucial aspect of asset division during a divorce. Understanding the factors that contribute to this transformation is essential for individuals seeking a fair and equitable distribution of assets. A New York divorce attorney can provide invaluable assistance throughout the process. With their extensive knowledge of family law and experience in navigating complex property division matters, they can guide individuals through the intricacies of the system.

At the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our team of skilled Manhattan divorce attorneys may be able to help ensure that the asset division process is approached with diligence and fairness. By seeking the assistance of a New York divorce attorney, individuals can secure the guidance and representation they need to achieve a favorable outcome and move forward with confidence as they navigate the complexities of property division during divorce proceedings. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/how-does-separate-property-become-marital-property-in-new-york/

How Far Can a Parent Move with Joint Custody in New York?

Joint legal custody is a common arrangement in family law where both parents share the legal responsibility for raising their children, even though the children may reside primarily with one parent. However, these arrangements can often be difficult to navigate, especially when one parent wishes to relocate. In New York State, parents with joint custody must adhere to strict guidelines when deciding how far a parent can move while still maintaining joint custody agreements. It is important for parents to understand these guidelines to avoid legal disputes and potentially damaging effects on their children.

When it comes to resolving disputes related to child custody and relocation, seeking the assistance of a knowledgeable New York child custody attorney can prove invaluable. At The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, divorce lawyer Richard Roman Shum and our team of experienced Manhattan family law attorneys may be able to provide critical guidance and advocacy during the legal process. From interpreting state laws and regulations to negotiating with the other parent and representing your interests in court, our team can help ensure that your rights as a parent are protected. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to learn more about how we can help.

Definition of Joint Custody in New York

When parents with children get divorced, the issue of child custody often becomes contentious. In New York, joint custody is defined as an arrangement in which both parents have legal and physical custody of the child. Legal custody entails the right to make major decisions for the child, while physical custody deals with where the child will primarily reside.

In joint custody arrangements, both parents share these responsibilities. This ensures that both parents have a say in important decisions that affect their child’s future, such as education, healthcare, and religion. New York law requires both parents to form an agreement on joint custody, and it must be in the best interest of the child for a judge to approve it.

Types of Joint Custody in New York

When it comes to joint custody, New York recognizes two types: joint legal custody and joint physical custody.

Joint legal custody refers to both parents having an equal say in important decisions that affect their child’s life, such as medical care and education. Joint physical custody, on the other hand, refers to the amount of time each parent spends with the child. It is possible for parents to have joint legal custody but not joint physical custody, or vice versa.

In some cases, joint legal and physical custody may be granted. However, this is only done if it is in the child’s best interests, which can be determined by various factors, including the parents’ ability to cooperate and communicate effectively to make decisions regarding their child’s well-being.

Factors Considered in Determining Joint Custody

When determining joint custody arrangements in New York, there are several factors that the court will consider.

Co-Parenting Abilities

The ability of parents to effectively co-parent remains crucial even when they no longer live together. It is important to recognize that co-parents may occasionally have minor disagreements, as even married parents may not always see eye to eye on parenting decisions. However, the court requires assurance that both parents are capable of working through these disagreements and making compromises that result in mutually agreed-upon decisions. If one parent consistently undermines the other and fails to prioritize the child’s best interests over their own agenda, it raises concerns during the court’s evaluation.

Emotional and Physical Capacity

The court will also evaluate whether both parents have the emotional and physical capacity to adequately care for the child. For example, a parent struggling with substance abuse issues may be unable to provide the necessary stability and care that the child requires.

Consistency

Children thrive when they have consistency in their lives, which fosters a sense of security. Knowing the parent’s regular schedule for coming home, dinner, bedtime routine, and other predictable aspects of their daily life is crucial for a child’s well-being. If a parent is unwilling or unable to adjust their lifestyle to meet these needs, the court will take this into consideration, significantly reducing their chances of obtaining custody.

History of Domestic Violence

If a parent has a documented history of domestic violence towards the other parent or the child, it is highly unlikely that they will be granted custody. In such cases, the court often grants limited visitation rights, and depending on the severity of the violence, may even require supervised visitation.

Ultimately, the court will strive to create a custody arrangement that is in the child’s best interests while also taking into account each parent’s rights and responsibilities. It is important for parents to present evidence and arguments in court that support their case for joint custody and show that they are capable of meeting their child’s needs.

Factors Considered in Determining Joint Custody	Description
Co-Parenting Abilities	The ability of parents to effectively co-parent and make mutually agreed-upon decisions.
Emotional and Physical Capacity	Evaluation of both parents’ emotional and physical capacity to provide adequate care for the child.
Consistency	The ability of a parent to provide consistency and stability in the child’s daily life.
Prior Domestic Violence	Any documented history of domestic violence towards the other parent or the child.

Parental Relocation Laws in New York

Parental relocation refers to the act of a parent with custody moving from their current residence to a new one. In the context of joint custody arrangements in New York, parental relocation can have significant consequences for the non-moving parent, the child, and the overall arrangement. It is important to differentiate between relocation that is within the same geographical area and relocation that involves a significant distance.

Laws Governing Parental Relocation in New York

When a parent with custody of a child decides to relocate, it can potentially disrupt the regular parenting time of the non-custodial parent and limit the child’s access to them. Child custody orders and agreements typically address the issue of relocation. In some cases, a judge may require or the parents may agree that the custodial parent must remain within a specific geographical area, such as a city or borough. If the child custody order does not include provisions for relocation, the custodial parent will need to seek permission from the court to move.

Even if the agreement grants the right to move, it is recommended for the custodial parent to establish a new parenting time arrangement with the non-custodial parent or obtain a court order to ensure the move is approved. The court’s primary consideration in such cases is the best interest of the child. Factors that the court will consider when deciding on relocation include:

The reasons behind each parent’s desire to either relocate or oppose the relocation.
The quality of the child’s relationship with each parent.
The potential impact of the move on the child’s future contact with the non-custodial parent and any siblings (if separating siblings can be avoided, the court may prefer that).
The potential improvement in the child’s life, including financial, emotional, and educational aspects, as a result of the relocation.
The ability to maintain a positive relationship between the non-custodial parent and the child through alternative visitation arrangements.

In any situation involving relocation, it is generally recommended for the custodial parent to obtain written confirmation from the non-custodial parent consenting to the move or to obtain a court order allowing the relocation to proceed.

Notice Requirements for Parental Relocation

Notice requirements for parental relocation are an essential component of joint custody arrangements in New York. According to New York law, a parent intending to relocate with a child after a divorce or separation must provide written notice to the other parent within a specific time frame. The notice must contain the intended date of relocation, the address of the new residence, and the reasons for the move.

It is important to note that a failure to provide written notice could result in a modification of custody arrangements or even contempt of court. Moreover, the notice must be sent by certified mail, return receipt requested, or by personal delivery with proof of receipt. The receiving parent has legal remedies to challenge the proposed relocation, such as filing an objection with the court or seeking an expedited hearing. In some cases, the parties may attempt to reach an agreement which considers the best interests of the child, such as a revised schedule of visitation.

However, absent an agreement, the court will review the circumstances under the factors considered in determining parental relocation in making a final determination.

Factors Considered in Determining Parental Relocation

When a parent with joint custody wishes to relocate with their child, the court must consider several factors before allowing or denying the move. Some of the factors that will be taken into account include:

Child’s relationship with both parents
Impact on the child’s education and social life
Ability of the non-moving parent to maintain a relationship with the child
Availability of alternative arrangements for the child to maintain a relationship with the non-moving parent
Past and present fitness of each parent
Favorability of the moving parent’s employment and economic opportunities compared to the non-moving parent in New York
Special needs or talents of the child
Quality of schools, medical facilities, and other services in both locations
Any other factors relevant to the best interests of the child

Overall, the court will always prioritize the well-being of the child when making a decision about relocation.

Importance of Consulting with a Skilled New York Child Custody Attorney for Parental Relocation Cases

It is incredibly important for parents dealing with joint custody and parental relocation cases in New York to consult with an experienced attorney. These cases can often be complex and emotionally charged, and having a knowledgeable legal professional on your side can make all the difference. An attorney can help you understand your rights and obligations under New York law, as well as the many factors that the court will consider when making decisions about parental relocation. They can also provide guidance and support throughout the process, from negotiating with your co-parent to representing you in court if necessary.

At The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, our skilled New York family lawyers may be able to help parents navigate the intricacies of joint custody and parental relocation cases in a compassionate and understanding manner. Our team understands the emotional toll that these cases can take on families and strive to provide personalized attention and guidance tailored to each client’s unique situation. Whether it involves negotiating a fair custody arrangement or presenting a strong case in court, the attorneys at The Law Office of Richard Roman Shum are dedicated to achieving the best possible outcome for their clients and ensuring that their children’s needs are prioritized throughout the process. Contact us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/how-far-can-a-parent-move-with-joint-custody-in-new-york/

Is Virtual Infidelity a Ground for Divorce in New York?

The way we communicate, socialize, and build relationships has been drastically transformed by technology. Virtual platforms and online interactions have complicated the common conception of infidelity. These technological evolutions also complicate previously more straightforward questions about infidelity within a marriage, what can be used against you in a divorce, and the potential legal consequences. This article explores whether virtual infidelity can be considered a valid reason for divorce in the State of New York.

Dealing with divorce and its intricacies, especially in relation to emerging issues like virtual infidelity, can be overwhelming. New York has specific statutes that govern divorce, making it crucial to seek the guidance of a knowledgeable and experienced New York divorce attorney. Manhattan divorce lawyer Richard Roman Shum can provide valuable assistance by offering insights into the legal framework surrounding virtual infidelity, assessing its relevance in your specific divorce case, and helping individuals understand their rights and available options. From gathering evidence to advocating for their clients’ interests, our team of New York divorce attorneys may be able to navigate the complexities of New York divorce law and offer personalized guidance tailored to each individual’s circumstances. Call us today at (646) 259-3416 to schedule a consultation.

Definition and Types of Virtual Infidelity

Virtual infidelity can be defined as engaging in emotionally or sexually intimate interactions via the internet, without the partner’s knowledge or consent, that violates the trust and boundaries of a committed relationship. The nature of these interactions can range from casual flirtations to deep emotional connections or explicit sexual conversations. Given the diverse nature of online interactions, virtual infidelity can take different forms:

Online flirting: This includes sending flirtatious messages, suggestive emojis, or engaging in playful banter with someone other than the partner. While seemingly innocuous, these interactions may lead to more intense emotional connections if unchecked.
Emotional affair: An emotional affair happens when one person forms a deep emotional connection with someone else, often sharing intimate thoughts, feelings, and secrets that are typically reserved for their committed partner.
Cybersex or sexting: This involves sending explicit sexual content, such as messages, images, or videos, to someone other than the partner. This is considered as a form of virtual infidelity because it breaches the boundaries of a committed relationship by engaging in sexually explicit conversations and fantasies with another person.
Online dating or hookup apps: Using these platforms to look for potential partners or engage in conversations with other users can be considered virtual infidelity, as it expresses a desire to explore relationships or encounters outside of the committed partnership.

Types of Virtual Infidelity	Description
Online flirting	Sending flirtatious messages, suggestive emojis, or engaging in playful banter with someone other than the partner
Emotional affair	Forming a deep emotional connection with someone else, often sharing intimate thoughts, feelings, and secrets typically reserved for the committed partner
Cybersex or sexting	Sending explicit sexual content, such as messages, images, or videos, to someone other than the partner
Online dating or hookup apps	Using platforms to look for potential partners or engage in conversations with other users outside of the committed partnership

Common Reasons for Virtual Infidelity

The reasons for virtual infidelity may vary from person to person but some common factors include the following:

Access and anonymity: The internet provides an easily accessible platform for people to engage in secretive interactions without the fear of being caught.
Emotional dissatisfaction: A person may seek out online interactions due to feelings of emotional neglect or dissatisfaction in their current relationship.
Sexual dissatisfaction or exploration: A partner may use the internet to explore sexual fantasies or desires that they do not feel comfortable sharing with their partner or that they cannot fulfill within their current relationship.
Escapism: Virtual infidelity may serve as a temporary means of escape from the stress, monotony, or challenges faced in the real world.
Validation and self-esteem: Engaging in online affairs or flirtations can offer a sense of validation or boost one’s self-esteem, particularly if they feel undervalued or unappreciated in their relationship.

Psychological Impact of Virtual Infidelity on Relationships

Virtual infidelity can have serious consequences on relationships, particularly in terms of trust, security, and emotional connection. Some of the potential impacts include:

Betrayal and loss of trust: Discovering a partner’s involvement in online infidelity can lead to feelings of betrayal, resulting in the erosion of trust between partners, which can be difficult, if not impossible, to rebuild.
Guilt and shame: The partner engaging in virtual infidelity may experience feelings of guilt and shame for their actions, which can in turn impact their emotional well-being and ability to form genuine connections within their relationship.
Jealousy and insecurity: The offended partner may develop feelings of jealousy and insecurity, questioning their self-worth, attractiveness, and desirability.
Communication breakdown: Virtual infidelity can lead to a breakdown in open and honest communication between partners, affecting their ability to resolve issues and grow together as a couple.
Relationship dissatisfaction: The strain caused by virtual infidelity can lead to increased dissatisfaction and unhappiness in the relationship. In some cases, this may ultimately result in the end of the partnership.

In summary, virtual infidelity is a complex issue that can have significant consequences on relationships. Understanding the various types of virtual infidelity, the reasons behind it, and its psychological impact on a couple is crucial for maintaining trust, open communication, and emotional connection in today’s digitally connected world.

Virtual Infidelity as a Ground for Divorce in New York

In recent times, the usage of technology and social media platforms has transformed human relationships. One of the dark sides of this transformation is the prevalence of virtual infidelity, which has become a point of contention when it comes to divorce proceedings. As society and technology continue to evolve, how has virtual infidelity been treated by courts in New York State, particularly when it comes to divorce cases?

Is Virtual Infidelity Considered Adultery?

Given the prevalence of virtual infidelity, the first question that arises is whether it can be considered adultery under New York law. Adultery is defined as one spouse engaging in a voluntary sexual relationship with a person other than their spouse. In New York, adultery is one of the legal grounds for seeking a divorce.

Underestimating the magnitude of the repercussions stemming from an online affair would be a mistake, as virtual infidelity has the potential to cause substantial emotional distress and upheaval comparable to that of a physical affair. If you are considering seeking a divorce based on virtual infidelity, it is crucial to bear in mind the following points:

In New York, virtual infidelity is acknowledged as adultery under the law.
It is imperative to collect evidence that supports the existence of the affair.
The court will assess various factors to decide whether to grant a divorce on these grounds.

How Virtual Infidelity Could Factor into Divorce Cases

New York State introduced no-fault divorce in 2010, allowing couples to divorce under the grounds of irretrievable breakdown of the marriage for at least six months. In no-fault divorce cases, spouses do not need to cite a specific reason, such as adultery, to end a marriage.

In these scenarios, instances of virtual infidelity could contribute to a case for demonstrating the irretrievable breakdown of the relationship. It can be considered as evidence in divorce proceedings and may influence factors such as the division of assets or custody agreements.

Furthermore, if virtual infidelity leads to real-world adultery, then it could become grounds for an adultery-based divorce. In these cases, it would be essential to provide sufficient evidence that physical sexual relations occurred between the spouse and another person.

Impact of Virtual Infidelity on Divorce Outcomes

Virtual infidelity is the act of one partner engaging in a digital or online relationship outside of their current marriage or committed partnership. With the prevalence of social media, chat rooms, and dating apps, it is becoming increasingly common for couples to experience virtual infidelity within their relationships. While traditional notions of infidelity often involve physical relationships outside of marriage, virtual infidelity can also lead to the breakdown of trust between partners and contribute to the dissolution of a marriage. As such, it is also possible for virtual infidelity to impact

Division of Assets and Marital Property

In many divorce cases, a significant focus is on the division of assets and marital property, which can include real estate, vehicles, retirement accounts, and other assets accumulated during the marriage. In some jurisdictions, the division of assets can be heavily influenced by evidence of infidelity on the part of one spouse. However, virtual infidelity alone may not directly impact the division of assets in the same way that physical infidelity could.

Whether virtual infidelity will impact the division of assets depends largely on the specific laws of the jurisdiction in which the divorce is taking place. In New York, evidence of infidelity (including virtual infidelity) can be presented in court to support a claim for an unequal division of assets in cases where adultery is the grounds used to file a divorce.

However, if the spouses decide to use no-fault grounds to file the divorce, the specific reasons for the divorce (such as virtual infidelity) may not directly impact the division of assets. In these cases, the judge may decide based on factors such as the length of the marriage, the contributions of each spouse, and the needs of each spouse moving forward.

Child Custody and Visitation Rights

Another critical aspect of divorce proceedings is the determination of child custody and visitation rights. While virtual infidelity may not directly impact the division of assets, it could play a role in a judge’s determination of the best interests of the child or children involved.

In cases where one spouse is engaging in virtual infidelity, the other spouse may argue that such behavior demonstrates a lack of judgment or poor character on the part of the unfaithful partner. Depending on the specific circumstances of each case, a judge may weigh this information when considering the child’s best interests and determining which parent should receive primary custody and how visitation rights should be allocated.

For virtual infidelity to have an impact on child custody and visitation rights, there will likely need to be evidence of a direct connection between the infidelity and the child’s best interests. For example, if it can be proven that one spouse exposed the child to inappropriate online content or neglected their parenting duties due to their online activities, this may be more likely to sway a judge’s decision.

Spousal Support and Alimony

Spousal support and alimony are financial payments made from one spouse to the other following a divorce. In some cases, these payments are intended to help the receiving spouse maintain a certain standard of living or to provide financial support while they transition to a post-divorce life.

In a fault-based divorce, evidence of virtual infidelity may be taken into account when determining the amount of support or alimony payments. The unfaithful spouse may be required to make higher payments to the wronged spouse as a form of restitution.

In a no-fault divorce, virtual infidelity may not directly impact spousal support or alimony. However, judges may still consider factors such as the length of the marriage, the income potential of each spouse, and the financial needs of each spouse when determining an appropriate amount of support or alimony.

Getting the Legal Help of an Experienced Manhattan Divorce

When facing a situation involving virtual infidelity and contemplating a divorce in New York, seeking the guidance of a Manhattan divorce lawyer can be immensely beneficial. A skilled divorce attorney can provide essential legal counsel and representation throughout the divorce process, ensuring that your rights are protected and advocating for your best interests.

Attorney Richard Roman Shum and our team of experienced Manhattan divorce lawyers may be able to assess the circumstances surrounding your case, gather evidence if necessary, and effectively argue for your position during negotiations or court proceedings. Contact the Law Office of Richard Roman Shum today at (646) 259-3416 to learn more about how we can help.

from Law Office of Richard Roman Shum, Esq. https://www.romanshum.com/blog/is-virtual-infidelity-a-ground-for-divorce-in-new-york/